Good Country People Illusion Or Truth Essays - Dog Breeds

Good Country People: Illusion Or Truth? Never let your schooling get in the way of your education -Mark Twain Good Country People, by Flannery O'Connor, presents us with a look into the monotonous lives of three women living together on a rural farm. All three women are set in their old-fashioned ways, having experienced very little of life, out on the farm. A bible salesman named Manley Pointer, appearing like nothing more than simple, good country people(1), pays them a visit one day. It turns out that this simple countryboy is actually a brilliant con artist who scams the pretentious daughter, Hulga (also known as Joy) into removing her wooden leg, which he proceeds to steal. A great change in Hulga is triggered by her experience with Manley Pointer. Although it was a cruel scam, the bible salesman helps her to see the truth about her education and human nature. Hulga realizes that in addition to book smarts, people skills are also crucial in navigating the real world. Hulga has been to college for many years, earning a Ph.D. in Philosophy. Coming from such a rural background, she feels that her education raises her status in the intellectual world, and therefore life in general, above anyone not as educated as she is. You poor baby?it's just as well you don't understand(404). The young woman fails to see that there is much more to life than what you can learn in a book. Due to a heart condition, however, Hulga is forced to remain home on the farm, instead of being in an academic setting where her education would be recognized and encouraged. This attitude that she is above most other people isolates Hulga from everyone around her. Even her mother comments that she didn't like dogs or cats or birds or flowers or nature or nice men. She looked at nice men as if she could smell their stupidity(396). Hulga has very little interaction with anyone at all, besides her mother and their tenant Mrs. Freeman. Hulga failed to see the idea shown in the above M ark Twain quote. Hulga, throughout her life has been starved for affection and loving attention. Pointer is able to get her to succumb to his wishes so easily because she is amazed that someone sincerely wants to be with her, or so it seems. Ever since she was ten, she has had her wooden stump leg, and her heart problem to live with. More recently, Hulga's weight problem is another obstacle that adds to her isolation. Combined with her condescending attitude, these encumbrances have succeeded to separate her from mainstream society. Pointer realizes this and is able to use it to his advantage; he knows all the right things to say to her. In the hayloft, Hulga hears fond admiration for what is quite possibly one of the first times in her life. As a result, the customarily very independent, strong-willed Hulga is completely under the control of an uneducated man half her age. It's what makes you different. You ain't like anybody else?.She decided that for the first time in her life, she was face to fac e with real innocence. This boy, with an instinct that came beyond wisdom, had touched the truth about her(404). Pointer is one of the few people in her life who was able to see the real Hulga; he saw through the cold fa?ade. Thanks to Mr. Pointer, Hulga was able to see the truth about her situation in the world?book smarts won't help you at all without people skills and common sense. Up till the very end, however, she was unable to come to grips with the fact that smart, educated Hulga had been deceived by someone who appeared to be nothing more than a simple country boy. Being stranded in the loft, however, forced Hulga to realize that people sometimes need to depend on each other. Something else she realized is that in life, book smarts mean very little compared with experience and knowledge of the real world This issue of having real world smarts as well as book smarts is especially relevant to the modern day higher education student. With all the pressure surrounding schoolwork, it is easy to get caught up in

Security cameras Essays - Surveillance, Video Surveillance

Security cameras Essays - Surveillance, Video Surveillance Thesis: Security cameras are one of the most reliable sources of evidence. The only privacy violation that could occour would make the person controlling the camera footage liable. I. Why Security Cameras are not a security violation? Valid evidence when in court of law People feel monitored so they watch thier actions preventing them from making bad decisions Owners of the cameras can monitor what people are doing which can show them flaws in the building II. How to prevent Security issues on Security Cameras Have a background check on anyone using them Make sure they have no criminal record Don't put security cameras in places like locker rooms and bathrooms III. Who Qualfies to run a Camera No criminal record Trustworthy Trusted enough not to leak footage or use the footage wrongly. Introduction: Many invividuals believe that security cameras can cause privacy issues, however I believe that it is not the camera that causes issues and that it is the man behind them that does. Security cameras are one of the most realiable sources of evidence. The only privacy violation that could occur would make the person controlling the camera footage liable. In my opinion, more good than bad comes from security cameras. Conclusion: Based on teh explaniations I have given above, I believe that security cameras do not give privacy issues but instead are beneficial to building owners with them installed.

Service Product Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Product Analysis - Essay Example These factors might seem insignificant but when observed in depth, reveals the fact that they are capable of manipulating the level of satisfaction as well as the behaviour of a customer in a positive and in a negative way. Both the factors of behaviour and satisfaction isn relation to a customer hold huge importance in the service industry. Importance of Servicescape Servicescape is said to be the structure or the physical atmosphere that encircles the service. As the individuals present in this physical atmosphere also form and manipulate the atmosphere, so, the social atmosphere or environment is incorporated in the above definition too. A quite vital role is played by the servicescape in forming the expectations of the customers, differentiation in service, making easy the objectives of the customer along with the employees and manipulating the characteristic of the experiences of the customers. It is capable of manipulating the relationship objectives of customers who are import ant. It begins with drawing the customers to withholding and also in improving the relationship between the customer and the service firm. The appearance and structure of Servicescape assists in drawing customers towards the facility of the offered service. For instance colours, scent, signs and music could be made use to draw customers. After this the Servicescape would assist in providing experience to the customers and manipulate his or her level of contentment through the deliverance of the service (Swartz and Iancobucci 2000). Thus, it can be understood that servicescapes are not only a significant factor in shaping impression of a particular customer but is even a significant basis of fact while assessing along with the service organisation on the whole. It is quite important in the industry of hospitality where the customers interrelate along with the physical atmosphere compared to anything else. It implies that customers relate to the servicescape even before having an expe rience or understanding of the service. Therefore, it is a variety of environmental signs and physical elements which help persons outline a picture that is holistic regarding the whole servicescape (Donovan and Rossiter 1981) The Purpose of Service Environment Servicescapes which is also known as service environment narrates about the appearance as well as style of the physical environment along with other experiential components witnessed by customers at the sites of service organisations. For service organisations which discharge services of high-contact, the structure of the physical setting and the way in which jobs are carried out in the course of contact with the customers by the employees, together play an essential part in forming a specific corporate distinctiveness and outlining the characteristic of the understanding of the customers. This particular physical environment and its associated atmosphere have an effect on the behaviour of the buyer in few important ways. The environment serves as a medium of message creation by employing cues that are representational in order to correspond to the planned audience regarding the distinguishing characteristic and quality of the experience related to the service. It serves as a medium of attention creation in order to make the physical envi

Economy of Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economy of Pakistan - Essay Example Country also faces the problems of illiteracy, and charges of Fiscal ineptitude. But despite such decelerating factors, Pakistan is on the path of growth with the new government of President Musharraf continuing with a reformist economic agenda, assisted by support from multilateral institutions. Pakistan's economic performance appears to be improving gradually. A thaw in the relations with India is also helping the country in economic progress. In the 2007 country profile Country-Watch points out that Pakistan is a developing nation with agriculture accounting for about 25 percent of its GDP, employing about 45 percent of the people (101). In recent years agriculture is declining as a percentage of total output with other economic activities picking up as well, but still agriculture sector remains the primary economic activity in Pakistan. A high annual population growth rate of two percent not matched with equal rise in opportunities and resources for the country, is also proving t o be a big drain on its economy. Growth of economy and business prospects in a country depend mainly on., macroeconomic factors, political stability, economic liberalization, human resource development index and levels of corruption in the country. A stable business environment requires normalization of the fiscal position, with an increased tax base and a more transparent allocation of resources. A stable government helps in infusing confidence amongst investors. Recognizing the need for liberalization, Government of Pakistan is moving to increase the pace of privatization of state entities, and is removing a number of qualitative and quantitative import restrictions. Financial sector is also seeing a reduction in state involvement with the onset of more and more private banks (EIU, 31). Thanks to such efforts, after several years of declining economic growth, owing to political upheavals, Pakistan has registered good growth rate since 2002. GDP grew 5.5 percent in 2003, 7.1 percent in 2004, and 7 percent in 2005. Such sustained growth also resulted in developing the human resource index as well. Development in human resources is also critical factor in judging a country for investment purposes. Pakistan, a country with less than 50% literacy is still in the process of attaining the ratings that its neighbor India has already acquired. In fact lack of such development has prevented Pakistan from joining India in the lucrative software develop ment, BPO and ITES sector (Country-Watch, 101). The human resources index suffers on account of high unemployment rate. A big percentage of Pakistan, especially women is unemployed because. EIU Statistics (40) point out that in 2000, the unemployment rate for young women was about twice that of the rate for young men. In 2005 the overall unemployment rate was 7.7 percent. The labor force grew at an annual average rate of 4.5% during the 1990s, but growth slowed to less than 3% in 2000-05. At end-December 2005 the labor force stood at 47.7m and the number of employed at 44m, leaving 3.7m (7.7% of the labor force) as unemployed. In addition there's substantial underemployment i.e. there are sectors like Agriculture which employ more people than are actually required. The agriculture sector has been the least tax paying one in this part of the subcontinent, due to couple of reasons ranging from lack of

Genderroles&popularfilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genderroles&popularfilm - Essay Example the possibility that the film is concurrently reinforcing and challenging or endorsing and contesting traditional ideas about gender roles (John-Fiske, 1990, p, 28). The analysis is aided through the analysis of two characters in the film to uncover this hypothesis. The Lee’s film blended well with every audience based on his massive knowledge in the audience market therefore using Kung-Fu style that is associated with the stereotypical dominant male hero striving to rescue the weaker and gentler female figure. On the contrary, the film is ironic as this notion is overturned with Lee’s characters disputing the male dominant formulaic schema. The film’s fighters are dominated by the females who are depicted in ways that challenge the conventional social gender norms. Lee was therefore able to capture larger audience in his film, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Before confining into characters, it is prudent to first explore the traditional perception of social gender norms. In many popular cultures, female figure is stereotyped as emotional, incapable and gentle. Traditionally, women had to depend on a stronger and agile male protection. In particular, Chinese women in late 1700s during the setting of the film were powerless over their lives. Marriages arrangements were executed without their consultations and consent, and had to heed to these arrangements without complaints or defiance. Conventionally, women were rated the weaker sex that could not defend themselves against a gile and stronger male counterparts. On the other hand, male females were confined on socially defined standards and were traditionally expected to be tough and strong with no display of being emotional that was rated as being weak males by the society. Male hero was independent, not vulnerable and self-sacrificing with Jillian Sandel’s article attaching masculinity to power and domination. Through Sandel’s article, we understand that the action of genre is dominated by the display

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for Heart Failure Treatment

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for Heart Failure Treatment Synergistic Effect of Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab in the Treatment for Heart Failure in Rats Running title: Heart Failure Treatment Highlights: The level of TNF-ÃŽ ± decreased after treatment with IL-10 and golimumab. The level of IL-10 was increased by IL-10 combined with golimumab. IL-10 and golimumab have a synergistic effect on HF in rats. ABSTRACT Objectives We attempted to assess the therapeutic effect of exogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) in combination with golimumab in treating heart failure (HF) in rats, and provide an experimental basis for clinical application. Methods HF animal model was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by intraperitoneally injection with adriamycin, and rats in control group were treated with 0.9% normal saline. The HF rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (HF group, n = 10), group B (IL-10 group, n = 10), group C (golimumab group, n = 10), and group D (IL-10 and golimumab group, n = 10). The normal rats were defined as controls in group E (n=10). Three months later, myocardial functional indexes and hemodynamic indexes of rats in all groups were measured. The levels of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The HF rat model was successfully constructed. After the treatment, compared with group A, the hemodynamic indexes in groups B-D were distinctly different (P P P P Conclusions IL-10 and golimumab has synergistic effect in the treatment of HF in rats, suggesting a potential clinical application of IL-10 combined with golimumab. Key words: cytokines; golimumab; heart failure; IL-10; TNF-ÃŽ ± INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a condition in which the heart can hardly pump sufficient blood to meet the need of the body [1]. It was demonstrated that HF is closely related to several diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia [2]. HF has already been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [3, 4]. It was reported that more than23 million people in the world are suffering from HF [1]. Mortality caused by HF is up to 30%-40% within one year, and rise to a rate of 50%-75% within 5 years [5, 6]. So, HF has been a health concern all over the world. Previous studies suggested that the imbalance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines played a key role in the progression of HF [7]. Recent studies have highlighted the effects of some cytokines on immune-mediated myocyte injury, postischemic myocardial inflammation, and heart function. Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) are reduced in HF development [8-11]. Evidences demonstrated IL-10 controlled inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis and inducted antiapoptotic processes [12]. IL-10 can promote healing of ventricular damage to avoid ventricular remodeling [13, 14]. IL-10 can enhance humoral immunity by inhibiting cell-mediated immunity to resist HF. Thus, IL-10 is considered to be a candidate for the management of HF, [12]. Serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor ÃŽ ± (TNF-ÃŽ ±) are found to be elevated in experimental models of HF [15]. Studies declared that an increase of TNF-ÃŽ ± con centration resulted in necrosis and apoptosis of myocardial cells, finally led to ventricular remodeling by the progressive thinning and expansion of ventricular wall [16]. TNF-ÃŽ ± was reported to lower the myocardial systolic function directly [13, 14]. Furthermore, evidences uncovered the relationship of TNF-ÃŽ ± and progression of HF: elevated level of TNF-ÃŽ ± contributed to the development and progression of HF by activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and promotion of myocardial hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction [12]. Therefore, the TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitors, as medicines for HF treatment, had been becoming the current hot topics in HF studies. Nowadays, etanercept, a recombinational TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitor, had been synthesized already, which inhibit the pro-inflammatory of TNF-ÃŽ ± due to the interdicted effect for the conjugation of TNF-ÃŽ ± and cell membrane receptor [17]. Golimumab, another TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitor, is a monoclonal antibody specific for human TNF-ÃŽ ± [18]. It can inhibit the bioactivity of TNF-ÃŽ ± via binding to TNF-ÃŽ ± with high affinity and specificity to prevent TNF-ÃŽ ± from combination with TNF receptor [19]. In addition, IL-10 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the mucosal immune system by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis such as TNF-ÃŽ ± [20, 21]. However, there are few studies reporting the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab forthe HF treatment. In the present study, we used HF rats model, which was induced by intraperitoneal injection with adriamycin (ADR), to explore the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab in the treatment for HF. To analyze the therapeutic effects, IL-10 or/and golimumab were intraperitoneally injected into the HF rats and the effects of the treatments were tested by measuring heart functional indexes and level of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the possible mechanisms of this effect were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats model of heart failure Fifty 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, including 25 females and 25 males, were provided by Laboratory animal center, southern medical university Southern Medical University. Forty rats, with 20 females and 20 males, were chosen at random. Rats with HF were induced by intraperitoneal injection with 4 mg/kg adriamycin (ADR) once a week for 6 times. Control rats were given the same volume of normal saline. Experimental design and drug administration After 6 weeks, the model rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: HF group (group A, n=10), IL-10 group (group B, n=10), golimumab group (group C, n=10), and IL-10 and golimumab group (group D, n=10), with 5 females and 5 males in each group. The normal rats were considered as controls in group E (n=10). Rats in group B was given an intraperitoneally injection of 50 pg/kg IL-10 each week. Exactly, 1 mg/kg golimumab (Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc) was administered intraperitoneally into the rats in group C each month. Rats in group D was intraperitoneally injected with 50 pg/kg IL-10 each week and 1 mg/kg golimumab each month. At the same time, rats in groups A and E received an intraperitoneal injection of 1ml normal saline. Rats in each group were treated for 3 times in total. During the test period, rats were fed on food and clean water freely. Echocardiography Three months after administration, echocardiographic indicators were obtained using a color doppler ultrasonic cardiograph (Vingmed CFM-725). Rats were anaesthetized with 5 ml/kg urethane solution at a concentration of 20% by intraperitoneal injection, and left ventricular long-axis and M-mode curve at the level of the left papillary muscles were measured. Finally, the left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the left ventricle end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular posterior wall depth (LVPWD) were measured, and the left ventricle fractional shortening (LVFS) can be calculated by the factors above, the formula is as follows: à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬LVFS = [( LVEDDà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ LVESD)/LVEDD]Ãâ€"100%. Measurements of haemodynamic parameters After anaesthetization, rats were fixed followed bytracheal intubationwith artificial ventilation. Super-miniature cardiac catheter was connected to multipurposepolygraph (Nikon 4) through the right common carotid artery and ascending aorta. Systolic pressure (ASP), diastolic pressure (ADP) and heart rate (HR) was recorded. As a follow-up, the cardiac catheter were inserted into the left ventricle, the left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the maximum rate of the left ventricular pressure rise (+dp/dtmax) and decline (-dp/dtmax) were measured. Then, allratsweresacrificed to weight the body. Their hearts were weighted after washing by cold normal saline and drying by filter paper. Finally, Heart weight/Body weight (HW/BW, mg/g) was calculated based on HW and BW. Determination of the level of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum After hemodynamic evaluation, 2 ml blood samples were drawn from the catheter positioned in the left common carotid artery, and collected into a 2 ml tube. After 30 min, the blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant were collected into Eppendorf (EP) tube. The concentration of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum were detected by using an ELISA kit (RayBiotech. Inc), and experimental procedures were conducted according to themanufacturer’sinstructions stringently. Statistical analysis The data were represented as mean  ± standard deviation (SD). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and q-test (Student-Newman-Kueulsmethod). All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS 12.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P RESULTS Heart function When the model establishment was completed, all of the rats suffered from HF, showing symptoms including dyspnea, edema, feed difficulty and oliguria. HF symptoms of the rats in groups B-D were alleviated after the treatment with IL-10, golimumab, and IL-10 and golimumab respectively. Obviously, symptoms of the rats in group D were most significantly alleviated. There was no rat died during the experimentation. Changes of BW, HW and HW/BW in the rats after treatment As shown in table 1, the BW and HW of the rats in groups A-D decreased significantly in contrast to those in group E (P P significantly when compared with group A (P > 0.05). The BW and HW of the rats in group D were markedly increased compared with group A (422.85 ±34.45 mg vs. 315.45 ±20.56 mg; 1355.29 ±112.23 mg vs. 1154.58 ±135.48 mg, P P The results of echocardiography Table 2 presents the results of echocardiography in the rats. Compared with E group, LVEDD and LVESD of the rats in groups A-D increased significantly (P P P (50.47 ±6.48 %) in group D was higher than group A (30.37 ±4.35 %, P P > 0.05). The hemodynamic indexes changes Hemodynamic parameters of the rats in group A had a difference in statistical significance when compared with group E (table 3). After treated with IL-10 and golimumab, ASP and ADP in group D was significantly increased when compared with group A (155.89 ±23.45 mmHg vs. 108.35 ±35.58 mmHg; 114.26 ±13.65 mmHg vs. 114.26 ±13.65 mmHg, P most markedly increased compared with group A (125.58 ±28.87 mmHg vs. 85.25 ±15.34 mmHg, P groups B and C. LVEDP in group D (5.23 ±0.68 mmHg) was most significantly decreased contrasted with group A (12.45 ±1.21 mmHg, P P Level of serum TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 Compared with group E, the level of serum TNF-ÃŽ ± in groups A-D rose obviously (P P most significantly increased in group D when compared with group A (643.66 ±78.43 pg/ml vs 275.58 ±56.62 pg/ml, P DISCUSSION Heart failure (HF), as a complex clinical syndrome, is the ultimate end-result of various cardiovascular diseases and the main cause of death [7]. HF prevention and treatment have drawn more and more attention inthemedicalfield. It has been reported that TNF-ÃŽ ± played a central role in the progression of HF [12]. Studies indicated that golimumab, as a monoclonal antibody, had effective on inflammation based on inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine of TNF-ÃŽ ± [18, 19], moreover, the effect of TNF-ÃŽ ± in many tissue es is modulated by IL-10 [22]. In the present study, we used HF rats model to determine the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab in the treatment for HF. The therapeutic effect of IL-10 combined with golimumab for HF in rats was evaluated according to heart function (changes of heart weight, echocardiographic and hemodynamic indicators) and the variation in the level of serum IL-10 and TNF-ÃŽ ±. To the best our knowledge, heart hypertrophy ultimately leads to HF [23], and the increase of HW/BW represents a tendency of heart hypertrophy [7]. In the present study, no obvious changes of HW/BW were observed in groups B (IL-10 group) and C (golimumab group) compared with group A (HF group). But HW/BW in group D (IL-10 and golimumab group) was markedly decreased obviously when compared with group A (HF group). These results indicate that treatment with either IL-10 or golimumab is less effective than the combination of IL-10 and golimumab for relieving heart hypertrophy. Studies indicated that treatment targeted the pathological disease such as heart hypertrophy was effective for HF [24].Therefore, our results suggest IL-10 combined with golimumab may have significant effects on prevention of HF. In addition, previous studies suggested that elevated LVEDD and LVESD and declined LVFS led to ventricular remodeling and culminated in progressive HF [25]. Based on the echocardiographic data in the present study, we found that LVEDD and LVESD decreased markedly, and LVFS increased in groups B-D compared with group A. Particularly, the most remarkable variation was observed in group D. these results suggest that IL-10 combined with golimumab are more effective inthe treatment of HF by relieving ventricular remodeling. Moreover, changes of hemodynamic parameters are regarded as an important signal of myocardial function which results in HF development [26]. In the present study, the hemodynamic measurements were improved in group D compared with groups A by increasing ASP, ADP, LVSP, LVEDP, and  ±dp/dtmax and decreasing LVEDP. Our observations were consistent with the previous findings showing that LVSP, LVEDP, and  ±dp/dtmax were increaded and LVEDP was decreased after completing the study of the HF rats. Furthermore, the previous studies declared that the deterioration of myocardial function in HF rats was more significantly alleviated based on the improvement of hemodynamic measurements after treatment [26, 27]. Notably, in our study, hemodynamic parameters in group D were improved compared with groups B and C. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that IL-10 and golimumab may have synergistic effects on improvement of myocardial function to relieve HF symptoms. Furthermore, in the present study, the level of IL-10 and TNF-ÃŽ ± were detected. The level of serum IL-10 was elevated in groups B-D compared to group A. Similarly, studies observed that an increase in IL-10 content was showed after effective treatment and suggested that improvement in cardiac function was connected with the elevated level of IL-10 [28-30]. Moreover, level of serum IL-10 in group D was higher than groups B and C, this suggest that the combination of IL-10 and golimumab can most significantly induce the elevation in the level of serum IL-10. Meantime, the results of our study showed that the level of serum TNF-ÃŽ ± in the rats of HF was significantly declined in group D compared with group A, while we noted that the treatment with IL-10 or golimumab only affected little the concentration of serum TNF-ÃŽ ± in groups B and C. This led us to hypothesize that golimumab is less effective in inhibition of the expression of TNF-ÃŽ ±, but more effective when combined with IL -10. As previous studies declared, TNF-ÃŽ ± plays a central role in initiating and sustaining the inflammatory response [31] and is a mediator of cardiac pathology acting through inflammatory pathways and activation of myocardial apoptosis [32, 33]. On the other hand, IL-10 inhibits cytokine-induced oxidative stress along with affecting the expression of inflammatory cytokines [34]. It is suggested that the imbalance between the IL-10 and TNF-ÃŽ ± in the heart may result in an inflammatory response, which plays a pathogenic role in the development and progression of HF [12]. The changes of the serum level of IL-10 and TNF-ÃŽ ± in our study suggest that IL-10 and golimumab may modulate the inflammatory processes by promoting the expressing of IL-10 and suppressing the expression of TNF-ÃŽ ±. Therefore, The combination of IL-10 and golimumab may be more effective than IL-10 or golimumab in the treatment of HF via inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, exogenous IL-10 and golimumab had synergistic effects on HF in rats based on the improvement in myocardial function and prevention of heart hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling through inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of IL-10 and golimumab is superior to the effect of treatment with IL-10 or golimumab only. Our results suggest that the combination of IL-10 with golimumab may be a promising treatment for HF patients. Further study is warranted to verify the efficiency of IL-10 combined with golimumab in human clinical trials.

Understanding Disabilities :: Personal Narrative Writing

You don't have to work too hard to find places where your awareness of disabilities helps you see things clearly and understand more about your own world. I'm interested in art and I'm working at the Museum in town this summer. I'm helping develop an education program that will interest younger kids in the museum's collection. I have been looking everywhere to find out how to get kids to look at paintings that otherwise might not interest them at all. I saw something on the Internet which I thought would give me some ideas. It is a Web site created by Tom March called "2 Views 4 U." He uses questions to get the viewer to compare sets of interestingly matched paintings. I especially liked his combination of "The Scream" by Edvard Munch and VanGogh's "Corridor in the Asylum." March tries to get the viewer to define mental illness by comparing the two painters' interpretations of it. He starts out by asking us to think about the two titles of the paintings and he draws us into examining how each of the painters uses repetitions, shapes, lines, color, and patterns to represent his view of mental illness. I think he does something positive for art and disability by insisting that we look for "cool things" that attract us to each painting. March asks us if it is more disturbing for us to see a person who is mentally ill or to see through the eyes of someone who is disabled. What he is really asking is whether Munch or Van Gogh communicates the feelings of mental illness best. My experience with the Disabilities Awareness Newsletter has given me a good perspective on this question. Getting to know kids with disabilities through my connection with this Newsletter has increased my respect for letting people with disabilities tell their own story. I have understood more about disabilities by just listening than I could ever have imagined. It has been like looking at a piece of art work painted by a person with a disability.

Ethical Values in Business Essay

The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Business has created wealth that has given an unprecedented number of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded a person’s horizon infinitely, broken down all perceivable barriers. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. This paper  takes a peek into the enterprises that have proved that there is room for ethics and values in business. See how ethical corporates already are and how their ethics facilitate them to be leaders in their industry. SCOPE OF THIS PAPER: Understanding ethics and the concept of Business Ethics Impact of ethics in the ï‚ § Manufacturing Sector ï‚ § Education Sector ï‚ § IT/ITES & BPO Sector ï‚ § Food Industry ï‚ § Media and Advertising Cases and Examples INTRODUCTION The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuriesold barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† The credibility of the term ‘Business Ethics’ has come into question, in recent times as ‘business ethics’ is increasingly being considered an oxymoron. It is generally believed that business and ethics cannot coexist and organizations are said to thrive on unethical practices. Business ethics, as far from being a contradiction in terms, has become one of the most important areas of managerial competence and responsibility. The ethics question warrants  exploration on several levels: 1. At the macro- level: focusing on the ethical rightness of the system. 2. At the corporate-level: focusing the decisions that impact others. 3. At the individual-level: within an entity. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas: The relationship between business and consumers The relationship between employers and employees The nature and value of special forms of business organization—most notably, that of the corporation The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the proper scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (â€Å"the environment†) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories. Changing Corporate Landscape Increasing number of Corporate Scandals Concern towards the wealth creation process ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § It’s Mr.Clean vs. Ms Controversial (12/7/2007) BJP smells a scam in wheat import contracts (12/7/2007) Sweet & Sour: Light on calories, light on value? (23/6/2007) Fresh battle: China plays down food-safety troubles (14/6/2007) BP CEO quits over scandal (02/05/2007) Siemens CEO, dogged by bribery affair, quits (26/4/2007) Nasdaq founder Macklin dead (02/02/2007) Siemens chief quits as co faces bribery, corruption charges (21/4/2007) CFOs find it ‘ suffocating’ these days (29/1/2007) Ex-Cendant chairman gets over 12 years in jail (19/01/2007) ~Source: Economic Times, Mumbai ïÆ'Ëœ According to a specials report in Times of India; It is disgraceful that the poverty ratio is 28% (according to a recent government estimate) after half a century of independence. Why so? It is because, despite spending enormous sums, the government has failed dismally to provide every village with the basics of growth. BUSINESS ETHICS The concept of Business Ethics has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it’s coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing what’s right -this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Caveat emptor: This ancient Latin proverb let the buyer beware, tells us that business ethics has been a societal concern going back a long ways indeed. Ethics is not an exact science. People define Ethics in accordance with their own set of values which differ depending on time, place and culture. Webster’s defines Ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad or right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation.† The word derives from the Greek word meaning â€Å"moral,† a Latin word with roots in â€Å"mores† or â€Å"customs†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words the values held by society. Business Ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. The simplest definition of ethics and moral values would be to not distinguish between the two and say that they describe what is right and what is wrong in human behavior and what ought to be. Business ethics are the desired norms of behavior exclusively dealing with commercial transactions. Moral values are deep seated ideas and feelings that manifest themselves as behavior or conduct. If we know the consequences of our actions we can convert values into rules of behavior that can then be described as ethics, i.e, Values + Knowledge = Ethics In the business world, ethics often are displaced by greed when there is a periodic frenzy of rising stock market prices. Inevitably, a steep downturn then inflicts losses on investors and on businesses with a concomitant reduction in the  work force. An excessive competitive spirit tends to induce unethical business practices so the business world becomes a battlefield where the normal rules are flouted, skirted or simply disregarded. The en suing instability is bad for the economy and for the government. TWO BROAD AREAS OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1. Managerial mischief. Madsen and Shafritz, in their book â€Å"Essentials of Business Ethics† explain that â€Å"managerial mischief† includes â€Å"illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations, as well as the causes of such behaviours and remedies to eradicate them.† There has been a great deal written about managerial mischief, leading many to believe that business ethics is merely a matter of preaching the basics of what is right and wrong. More often, though, business ethics is a matter of dealing with dilemmas that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. 2. Moral mazes. The other broad area of business ethics is â€Å"moral mazes of management† and includes the numerous ethical problems that managers must deal with on a daily basis, such as potential conflicts of interest, wrongful use of resources, mismanagement of contracts and agreements, etc. THREE APPROACHES TO ETHICS The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas or three main approaches to ethics – Normative Ethics, Descriptive Ethics and Meta-Ethics. NORMATIVE ETHICS: This was the prevalent form of ethics in philosophy until the end of the 19th century. What things are good and bad and what kind of actions / behavior are right and wrong. It involves how people ought to act on the principles, how they make moral choices, and how rules apply to individual lives. It includes a consideration of the importance of human freedom, and a discussion of the limits of a human’s responsibility for moral decisions and for the consequences of actions. Consideration for the role of conscience in moral decision making is also a part of Normative ethics. This may come from an established group of culture, such as the Christian tradition, or it may be based on some other way of thinking. This is the traditional way of doing Ethics. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS: It is the study of ways in which different people and different societies have answered moral questions. It can be described as moral sociology or moral anthropology, a description of the moral code prevailing in different societies. It involves different approaches inside one society to the resolution of ethical problems. META-ETHICS: This is sometimes called moral philosophy or philosophical ethics. This group attracts most interest today. It seeks to understand the meaning and function moral language, of ethical terms like good and bad. It looks at the logic used in arriving at the conclusion of an argument that justifies a moral choice. Posing an ethical question illustrates the different ways the two positions respond to it. If you asked the question â€Å"Is pre-marital sex right,† a Normative Ethical answer would be more concerned with the reasons why it might be right or wrong, how they relate to certain teachings, or traditions of, say the Christian Church, or some other group. A meta-Ethical response would be more interested in what you mean by right, and what it means by a right sexual action as opposed to a wrong one. Meta Ethics has produced a number of different schools, which we will look at over the coming few weeks: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical Naturalism (Definism) Ethical Non-naturalism (Intuitionism) Ethical Non-cognitivism (Emotivism) FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS Recent corporate scandals including Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and ImClone may cause many to conclude that corporate has no ethics. The term ethics refers to rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS 1. UTILITARIAN VIEW of ethics says that: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes or consequences. Greatest good is provided for the greatest number Encourages efficiency and productivity and is consistent with the goal of profit maximization 2. RIGHTS VIEW of ethics is concerned with respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges such as the rights to privacy, free speech, and due process. ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges Seeks to protect individual rights of conscience,  free speech, life and safety, and due process To make ethical decisions, managers need to avoid interfering with the fundamental rights of others 3. Theory of Justice View of ethics is where managers impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially and do so by following all legal rules and regulations. ï‚ § ï‚ § Organizational rules are enforced fairly and impartially and follow all legal rules and regulations Protects the interests of underrepresented stakeholders and the rights of employees 4. INTEGRATIVE SOCIAL CONTRACTS theory proposes that ethical decisions be based on existing ethical norms in industries and communities in determining what constitutes right and wrong. ï‚ § ï‚ § Acts are moral when they promote the individual’s best long-term interests, which ultimately leads to the greater good Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in the long run OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS GENERAL BUSINESS ETHICS This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of which is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company’s main purpose is to maximize the returns to its shareholders, then it could be seen as unethical for a company to consider the interests and rights of anyone else. Corporate social responsibility or CSR: an umbrella term under which the ethical rights and duties existing between companies and society is debated. Issues regarding the moral rights and duties between a company and its shareholders: fiduciary responsibility, stakeholder concept v. shareholder concept. Ethical issues concerning relations between different companies: e.g. hostile takeovers, industrial espionage. Leadership issues: corporate governance. Political contributions made by corporations. Law reform, such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of corporate manslaughter. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics covers the myriad practical ethical problems and phenomena which arise out of specific functional areas of companies or in relation to recognized business professions. ETHICS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION Creative accounting, earnings management, misleading financial analysis. Insider trading, securities fraud, bucket shop, forex scams: concerns (criminal) manipulation of the financial markets. Executive compensation: concerns excessive payments made to corporate CEO’s. Bribery, kickbacks, and facilitation payments: while these may be in the (short-term) interests of the company and its shareholders, these practices may be anti-competitive or offend against the values of society. ETHICS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The ethics of human resource management (HRM) covers those ethical issues arising around the employer-employee relationship, such as the rights and duties owed between employer and employee. Discrimination issues include discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness. See also: affirmative action, sexual harassment. Issues surrounding the representation of employees and the democratization of the workplace: union busting, strike breaking. Issues affecting the privacy of the employee: workplace surveillance, drug testing. Issues affecting the privacy of the employer: whistle-blowing. Issues relating to the fairness of the employment contract and the balance of power between employer and employee: slavery, indentured servitude, employment law. Occupational safety and health. ETHICS OF SALES AND MARKETING Marketing which goes beyond the mere provision of information about (and access to) a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. To some extent society regards this as acceptable, but where is the ethical line to be drawn? Marketing ethics overlaps strongly with media ethics, because marketing makes heavy use of media. However, media ethics is a much larger topic and extends outside business ethics. Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming. Anti-competitive practices: these include but go beyond pricing tactics to cover issues such as manipulation of loyalty and supply chains. See: anti-competitive practices, antitrust law. Specific marketing strategies: greenwash, bait and switch, shill, viral marketing, spam (electronic), pyramid scheme, planned obsolescence. Content of advertisements: attack ads, subliminal messages, sex in advertising, products regarded as immoral or harmful Children and marketing: marketing in schools . ETHICS OF PRODUCTION This area of business ethics deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not cause harm. Some of the more acute dilemmas in this area arise out of the fact that there is usually a degree of danger in any product or production process and it is difficult to define a degree of permissibility, or the degree of permissibility may depend on the changing state of preventative technologies or changing social perceptions of acceptable risk. Defective, addictive and inherently dangerous products and services (e.g. tobacco, alcohol, weapons, motor vehicles, chemical manufacturing, bungee  jumping). Ethical relations between the company and the environment: pollution, environmental ethics, carbon emissions trading. Ethical problems arising out of new technologies: genetically modified food, mobile phone radiation and health. Product testing ethics: animal rights and animal testing, use of economically disadvantaged groups (such as students) as test objects. ETHICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Knowledge and skills are valuable but not easily â€Å"ownable† objects. Nor is it obvious who has the greater rights to an idea: the company who trained the employee or the employee themselves? The country in which the plant grew, or the company which discovered and developed the plant’s medicinal potential? As a result, attempts to assert ownership and ethical disputes over ownership arise. Patent infringement, copyright infringement, trademark infringement. Misuse of the intellectual property systems to stifle competition: patent misuse, copyright misuse, patent troll, submarine patent. Even the notion of intellectual property itself has been criticised on ethical grounds: see intellectual property. Employee raiding: the practice of attracting key employees away from a competitor to take unfair advantage of the knowledge or skills they may possess. The practice of employing all the most talented people in a specific field, regardless of need, in order to prevent any competitors employing them. Bioprospecting (ethical) and biopiracy (unethical). Business intelligence and industrial espionage. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS AND ETHICS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The issues here are grouped together because they involve a much wider, global view on business ethical matters. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new  practical issues arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields include: The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behavior. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives. Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g. bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair trade movement; transfer pricing. Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism. Varying global standards – e.g. the use of child labour. The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centre’s) to low-wage countries. The permissibility of international commerce with pariah states. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS CONFLICTING INTERESTS Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Some ethicists (e.g., Henry Sidgwick) see the principal role of ethics as the harmonization and reconciliation of conflicting interests. ETHICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business ethic in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. However, some point out that self interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. The economist Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of this view. Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would suggest that this includes even rights of governance. Some theorists have adapted social contract theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company’s operations. This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy, which is largely due to John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice, and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the â€Å"quality movement† that emerged in the 1980s. Professors Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call Integrative Social Contracts Theory. They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a â€Å"fair agreement† between the parties, using a combination of i) Macro-principles that all rational people would agree upon as universal principles, and, ii) Micro-principles formulated by actual agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone’s property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social  justice. Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws. It is sometimes claimed that a Gresham’s law of ethics applies in which bad ethical practices drive out good ethical practices. It is claimed that in a competitive business environment, those companies that survive are the ones that recognize that their only role is to maximize profits. On this view, the competitive system fosters a downward ethical spiral. ETHICS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In the corporate world, business ethics have a major role to play in the manufacturing sector too. It is the duty of the manufacturer to produce the products and goods according to the customer’s requirements and satisfaction. He / She has to produce goods which is of good quality, reasonable price and to top it all it should be safe to use by the customer. In case if the products produced by a particular company are not up to the customer’s expectations or requirements then the customer has a right to question the manufacturer and be compensated for the damage caused to him on using the product. Thus, all companies are taking great care and paying attention to produce proper and good quality products adhering to the standards, lest their company’s reputation does not get affected. Despite all these consumer rights assuming great importance in the society, do all  manufacturing industries follow ethical values and principles in their day to day lives? â€Å"A Business that makes nothing but Money is a Poor kind of Business.† ~ Henry Ford Whether it is for the sake of beating competition or simply because it makes good business sense, companies now have started to internalize business ethics and values. Ethics have become a part and parcel of the entire manufacturing process. Sometime back the bottom line of an enterprise used to be monetary profits but this bottom line today comprises a whole gamut of subjects like quality assurance, environmental friendly practices, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and many more. Gone are the days when companies could act philanthropic and charitable by parting with a miniscule portion of their profits. There is no recognition for an organization that fails to recognize ethics and values in its domain area. MOTOROLA Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by its vision of Seamless Mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping people get and stay connected simply and seamlessly to information, and entertainment that you want and need. Motorola does this by designing and delivering the â€Å"must have† products, â€Å"must do† experiences and powerful networks — along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US$35.3 billion in 2005. KEY BELIEFS – THE WAY MOTOROLA WILL ALWAYS ACT Motorola’s Key Beliefs have been in existence for decades, and Motorola continues to have a strong culture of corporate ethics and citizenship. Since its original establishment in the 1970s, its Code of Business Conduct has provided Motorola employees guidance for their business activities, placing a priority on establishing trust with its stakeholders. However, it is not enough to declare its good values. Motorola is committed to acting on  them–through the potential of its technology and the way they conduct their business. The EthicsLine offers information, advice and suggestions. Use it to discuss any concern or problem – not just for emergencies. The EthicsLine strives to make sure that all questions or concerns are handled fairly, discreetly and thoroughly. ETHICAL PRACTICES PRACTICED BY MOTOROLA Times will change. Our products will change. Our people will change. Our customers will change. What will not change is our commitment to our key beliefs. The key beliefs define who they are as individuals and as a company – to each other, its customers, its shareholders, its suppliers, its competitors and its communities. Uncompromising integrity means staying true to what they believe. Motorola adheres to honesty, fairness and doing the right thing without compromise, even when circumstances make it difficult. Constant respect for people means how Motorola treats everyone with dignity. Constant respect applies to every individual they interact with around the world. The Code of Business Conduct is a guide to help Motorolans live up to Motorola’s high ethical standards — and their own. It summarizes many of the laws that Motorola and all Motorolans are required to live by. The Code goes beyond the legal minimums, however, by describing the ethical values we shar e as Motorolans. The Code is neither a contract nor a comprehensive manual that covers every situation Motorolans throughout the world might encounter. It highlights key issues and identifies policies and resources to help Motorolans reach decisions that will make Motorola proud. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO MOTOROLANS We respect the dignity of each Motorolan. Motorolans will treat each other with respect and fairness at all times. They will value the difference of diverse individuals from around the world. Employment decisions will be based on business reasons, such as qualifications, talents and achievements, and will comply with local and national employment laws. Abusive, harassing or offensive conduct is unacceptable, whether verbal, physical or visual. Examples include derogatory comments based on racial or ethnic characteristics and unwelcome sexual advances. The Motorolans are encouraged to speak out if a co-worker’s conduct makes them uncomfortable and to report harassment if it occurs. They are all responsible for maintaining a safe workplace by following safety and health rules and practices. They are responsible for immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe equipment, practices or conditions to a supervisor or other designated person. Motorola is committed to keeping its workplaces free from hazards. To protect the safety of all employees, each of them must report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent them from conducting work activities safely and effectively. Threats or acts of violence or physical intimidation are prohibited. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMERS AND CONSUMERS We earn customer loyalty by delivering on our promises. Maintaining Motorola’s valuable reputation requires complying with its quality processes and safety requirements. Motorola builds long-term relationships with its customers by demonstrating honesty and integrity. Its marketing and advertising will be accurate and truthful. Deliberately misleading messages, omissions of important facts or false claims about its competitors’ offerings are unacceptable. They obtain business legally and ethically. Bribes or kickbacks are unacceptable. Guidance on customer gifts, travel and entertainment is in the Conflicts of Interest section of this Code. Motorola protects its customer information that is sensitive, private or confidential – just as carefully as they protect their own. Only those who have a need to know, have access to confidential information. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO COMMUNITIES As a global corporate citizen, Motorola creates products and provides services that benefit people around the world. Motorola serves society by  providing life-enhancing products and services at a fair price, and by actively supporting the communities in which they operate. Motorola, the Motorola Foundation and Motorolans throughout the world provide generous financial and voluntary support to thousands of worthwhile community programs. Motorolans are free to support community, charity and political organizations and causes of their choice, as long as they make it clear that their views and actions are not those of Motorola. Employees’ outside activities must not interfere with job performance. No Motorolan may pressure another employee to express a view that is contrary to a personal belief, or to contribute to or support political, religious or charitable causes. Motorola respects the environment by complying with all applicable environmental laws in all countries in which they conduct operations. Motorola is committed to protecting the environment by minimizing the environmental impact of its operations and operating its businesses in ways that foster sustainable use of the world’s natural resources. Motorolans must comply with Motorola’s environmental policies and programs. Notify management if hazardous materials come into contact with the environment or are improperly handled or discarded. Motorola provides fair, accurate, timely and easy to understand information to the public. To ensure professional and consistent handling, requests from the media are forwarded to the local communications group or Corporate Communications. Requests from financial analysts and shareholders are forwarded to Investor Relations. ETHICS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR Human beings have an innate ethical sense that urges them to make predictable choices. Although most people believe that their actions are guided by logic and reason, reason often acts only as a mechanism to justify these choices. Ethics education is about recognizing the real power of one’s innate ethical sense and how it influences our behavior. In this way we can free reason to become a tool to truly guide our actions. Without the wisdom that results from understanding one’s innate ethical self, reason remains a powerful propaganda prop for unchallenged intrinsic human ethical imperatives. Educational institutions are microcosms of culture and the society that  supports them. As such, they should be bastions of ethical behavior. These institutions should be the training ground for students to determine and practice their personal ethics code which will guide them for the remained of their lives. Each classroom becomes a laboratory of the process of decision making, and of critically examining choices in the workplace, interpersonal relationships, and personal lives. Teachers can play an important role in assisting students to view ethical choices as a vital part of their future lives, both as professionals and in their daily living. â€Å"The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.† ~ Albert Schweitzer, German doctor and Theologian. SCHOOL OF ETHICS Business ethics to students has become a critical issue as the future of any nation lies in creating not just CEO’s and headers but in creating successful individuals who are ethically strong. Ethics can be taught in two major ways: 1. THE PHILOSOPHY The best way to encourage students on this path would be to ask students to think of actions that they consider morally right and wrong. Responses like â€Å"that is what our society says† should be gently resisted, on the grounds that they do not account for why certain kinds of actions are favored over others. Later the exercise is repeated with business situations like deceptive product representation, the subjection of employees to unsafe or dangerous working conditions (particularly without their consent), discrimination, padding expense reports and other self-interested lines, monopolistic practices that exclude competitors from the market, and so forth. 2. CONVERSATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING BUSINESS ETHICS Using conversational learning in business ethics teaching efforts will allow students to become self-reflective, to learn the value of dialogue and good  moral conversation, to learn about others’ learning experiences and attitudes, and to apply the knowledge gained to organizational life. The process seems to foster a trusting environment, one in which students engage in active participation and take personal risks in the classroom. ROLE OF THE STUDENT Listening to others with the intention of learning with them Reflecting intentionally to gain organizational life. Being open – minded and accepting that there are multiple legitimate and viable perspectives and possibilities in any situation. Understanding that there is no right answer or right approach in an ethical situation. Being proactive in anticipating potential ethical and moral dilemmas and finding different ways to learn from different perspectives about how one might address such dilemmas. more understanding of the complexities of ROLE OF THE TEACHER The conversational methods of teaching business ethics have the following requisites:Knowing one’s strengths and shortcomings, being honest with oneself, continuously striving to increase our ethical (and other) self – awareness, seeking and listening to feedback from responsible peers and colleagues. Building an atmosphere of trust and psychological safety and a norm of collective responsibility in the classroom. Generating empathy in the students and making them learn from each other’s experiences. Reflecting and building on differences in perspectives of different students. Emphasizing relationships and social interactions and proactively managing the dynamics of ethical and moral situations, challenges, opportunities and dilemmas. In the long run meaningful dialogue promotes deeper commitment to the goal, purpose of mission of teaching business ethics. However, it is important to recognize that the introduction to talking and learning about values, beliefs, morals and other ethically related issues often generates in students powerful emotional responses ranging from self doubt and shame to frustration and confusion. ETHICS IN the it sector Ethics in IT industry and BPO is a form of art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a setting of any industry and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged. Every IT industry has one or more values, whether they are consciously aware of it or not. Another way of saying it is that a value is a statement of the company’s intention and commitment to achieve a high level of performance on a specific Qualitative or Quantitative factor. As a part of more comprehensive compliance and ethic programs in IT companies, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly generalized language, or they can be more detailed policies containing specific requirements. They are generally meant to identify the companies’ expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling some of the more common ethical problems that might arise. It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to:Ethical Awareness Improvements in ethical policies Consistency in application Avoidance of ethical disasters An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend seminars regarding ethical conduct, which often include discussions of the company’s policies, specific case studies and legal requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign agreements stating that they will abide to the ethical codes and practices. â€Å"Every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity an obligation; ETHICs – bpo – security Why must BPO Companies hire â€Å"Ethical Hackers† BPO organizations must secure their IT infrastructure and networks. Just as corporations employ auditors to routinely examine financial records, so should BPO Service Providers audit security policy. Without security audits and compliance controls, no real security exists. This is a big problem. There are plenty of individuals waiting to test and probe your organization’s security stance. These individuals range from government to corporate spies, to hackers, crackers, script kiddies, or those who write and release malicious code into the wild. Their presence in your network is not a good thing! Who are Ethical Hackers? An ethical hacker is most similar to a penetration tester. The ethical hacker is an individual who is employed or contracted to undertake an attempted penetration test. These individuals use the same methods employed by hackers. In case you were unsure; hacking is a felony in the United States. Ethical Hackers have written authorization to probe a network. Only then is this attempted hack legal, as there is a contract between the ethical hacker and the organization. In 1995, long before today’s stringent guidelines, one individual received 3 felony counts, 5 years probation, 480 hours of community service, and a $68,000 legal bill for failing to insure proper authorization. How is Ethical Hacking Performed? Primarily, ethical hackers are employed in groups to perform penetration tests. These groups are commonly referred as â€Å"Red Teams†. These individuals are paid by the organization to poke, prod, and determine the overall level of security. Again, what is important here is that they have been given written permission to perform this test and have detailed boundaries to work within. Don’t be lulled into believing that the penalties fro legal penetration are low, it is a felony!! What is the Test about? The Certified Ethical Hacker Exam consists of 21 domains covered in 50 questions. It has a two – hour time limit. These questions have multiple choice answer options. During the test, it is allowed to mark questions for which the answers are not too sure about and then return for later review. The domains were compiled to evaluate the full range of security testing. One must also demonstrate how hacker tools work and demonstrate knowledge of professional security tools, as well as how these tools are utilized. The 21 domains are as follows: 1. Ethics and Legal Issues 2. Footprinting 3. Scanning 4. Enumeration 5. System Hacking 6. Trojans and Backdoors 7. Sniffers 8. Denial of Service 9. Social Engineering 10.Session Hijacking 11.Hacking Web Servers 12.We Application Vulnerabilities 13.Web Based Password Cracking Techniques 14.SQL Injection 15.Hacking Wireless Networks 16.Virus and Worms 17.Hacking Novell 18.Hacking Linux 19.IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots 20.Buffer Overflows 21.Cryptography ETHICS IN the food sector Whether we eat to live or live to eat, we all would have been out to eat, at some point in our lives. The above statement is seriously understated since most of us eat out at least once a week. Whenever we visit a hotel or buy some packaged food, it indirectly indicates the trustworthiness of the brand. The underlying factor contributing towards a brand image is the ethics followed by the company. The food industry shoulders a huge responsibility; the health of their patrons / consumers. The industry has to adhere to laws, procedures, norms and several quality standards. Right from the raw materials, the various ingredients, procurement to the processing and packaging activities have to be meticulously carried out. Now let us see how the various ethical aspects are dealt with in this industry. AAVIN Goodness of milk The first cooperative diary was set up at Chennai city during the year 1927. The state diary development department was established in 1958. The first modern diary plant with a capacity to handle 50,000 litres per day of pasteurized milk was established in the year 1963 at Madhavaram near Chennai with the aid from New Zealand. A diary to handle 50,000 litres per day was  set up at Madurai with the assistance of the UNICEF in 1967. The system consisted of supervised milking at the village level and the transportation of the raw milk in aluminum cans through hired transport vehicles to milk chilling plants or directly to the diary. Quality control happens to be the core element of the organization. Especially since AAVIN deals with perishable products the quality standards and fulfilling them is crucial for the sustenance of the organization. It has added to AAVIN’S goodwill through the ages and also has led to diversification in the long run. The quality control department makes state of the art machines and techniques for fulfilling their promise to provide high quality and hygienic products. Aavin has taken up measures to improve the quality of raw milk procured at the village level milk co-operative societies and also to enforce clean milk practices at the society level to enhance the quality of milk at the initial level itself. The clean milk production programme, includes not only the production of good quality milk, but also improves animal management, feed and fodder, artificial insemination, training to farmers and society personnel, installation of bulk coolers, maintaining milk yard free from flies, dirt etc. and usage of SS vessels to maintain minimum level of bacterial load, according to Aavin sources. In the diary co-operatives, the milk procurement staff is given training in clean milk production at NDDB training centres. The milk producers are educated for hygienic management of animals, milking methods and handling of milk. They are also provided with SS pails and antiseptic solutions for cleaning the animal udder etc. Massive awareness campaigns are carried out among the society members. At present Aavin has three diaries in Chennai, on at Ambattur with a capacity of 4LLPD (Lakh Litre per Day), at Madhavaram with a capacity of 2 LLPD and the third one at Sholinganallur with a capacity of 4 LLPD for procuring milk from district unions, process and packaging in sachets to cater to the needs of consumers in and around Chennai city. All the three diaries are certified with ISO 9001:2000. Efforts are also being taken to get the HACCP certification for these three diaries. 33 ETHICS IN media & advertising sector Media Ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the particular ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. This is the general definition of media ethics and as the definition suggests, there are many dimensions to media. In today’s world, media is given a lot of importance and is considered to be the voice of the public. But there are some who take undue advantage of the freedom given to them for the sake of money, fame or in most cases both. Breach of code of conduct in this industry has more effect on people as it can be seen and followed explicitly. People trust media to give them accurate information and are at time deceived by its exaggerated versions. Media is a double edged sword and it has to be handled very carefully. Its impact is long time and is very powerful and influencing. A balance has to be struck between the purpose of media with the code of ethics. â€Å"Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.† ~ Oscar Wilde, Irish Dramatist and Poet FACEBOOK – AD PLATFORM Facebook Ads represent a completely new way of advertising online. For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people, but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation. And they’re going to do this by using the social graph in the same way our users do.† – Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), Founder and CEO, Facebook, in 2007. â€Å"The new advertising system will target ads based on personal information shared by users with their friends†¦ It also reeks of unethical practices since when these users joined Facebook they were not told or given the chance to opt out and state that their personal information like interests, relationship status, work history, etc. should not be used.† – Sujatha Ganesan, a Business and Technology Lawyer, in 2007. This case discusses the ethical and privacy concerns pertaining to Facebook’s new ad system. On November 06, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), the founder and CEO of Facebook introduced an ad system called Facebook Ads to connect business houses with Facebook users. As of November 2007, Facebook had 55 million active registered users, and was the second fastest growing social networking site, with an astounding year-on-year growth rate of 133 percent. This new system was expected to facilitate offering of better targeted advertisements to the users. According to Zuckerberg, the new ad platform would provide a very different way of online advertising as it would give the advertiser a chance to ‘be a part of the conversation’ by using the ‘social graph’ in the same way as the Facebook users did. Earlier this summer, a Miss America contestant was blackmailed using pictures from her old Facebook page to try to get her dethroned from her title of Miss New Jersey. Amy Polumbo had deleted her Facebook page before the state pageant, but that didn’t stop an anonymous sender who called themselves the â€Å"Committee to Save Miss America.† Polumbo did not give up her crown, and the photos that were sent were not as bad as they were made out to be. But it teaches us all a lesson, especially business owners, about how open one should be on social networking sites. Potential risk to using social networking sites for business related purposes is privacy. One of the hottest issues is Facebook’s new social ad policy, which allows you to basically become a free advertisement for any company they share information with. For example, when you rent a movie from Blockbuster Video, that information is shared with Facebook. Then all of your friends know what you have rented. This can be embarrassing if your business colleague see your Facebook page. The Facebook privacy policy, for example, not only gives them permission to share your information with a third party, it also states that  they may obtain information about you from other sources, such as newspapers, blogs and the like. So not only are they able to collect information about you from their site, but they can use information they collect from other sources. Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change — times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit and for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act — consistently. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity. Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community — critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning. Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Ethics programs are an insurance policy — they help ensure that policies are legal. There are an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. Ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts â€Å"of omission† and can lower fines. Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management — this benefit needs far more attention. Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. Ethics programs promote a strong public image. Attention to ethics is also strong public relations — admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. The fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Overall benefits of ethics programs: Managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages. Last – and most — formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do. CONCLUSION Whenever and wherever there are meaningful discussions to create better socio-economic conditions in the society or to make the world a better place to live in, the discussions invariably touch Business and Industry or Trade and Commerce also besides other areas of human activities. Those who run their business or industry on principles of honesty, integrity and justice are the ones who raise the prestige of their nation and are inspiring examples unto others. However, there are people who indulge into unfair, unjust, dishonest or socially harmful activities and do not believe in  fairplay and excellence. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individual’s financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Because business decisions often require specialized knowledge, ethical issues are often more complicated than those faced in personal life — and effective decision making requires consistency. Because each business situation is different, and not all decisions are simple, many organizations have embraced ethical codes of conduct and rules of professional ethics to guide managers and employees. However, sometimes self-regulation proves insufficient to protect the interest of customers, organizations, or society. At that point, pressures for regulation and enactment of legislation to protect the interests of all parties in the exchange process will likely occur. Maintaining a strong ethical culture is essential for complying with the laws and regulations, but this alone cannot be the motivation for ethical culture building. Beyond the large impact an organization’s culture has on the bottom line, the development of programs to foster ethical conduct must maintain a focus on fairness, encouragement, and communication at all employee levels. Along these lines, employees must be given the appropriate tools and models to align their behavior with company culture and engag e in ethical decision-making. The attitudes, choices, and actions of business leaders play a primary role in the creation of an organization’s ethical culture and climate; expectations for employees’ ethical behavior can only be set as high as the organization’s leadership is willing to meet. A leader’s ability to consistently promote ethical conduct in an organization is critical to ensuring that employees understand how to make â€Å"doing what is right† a priority. Thus it can be  concluded that, Ethics are important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is an essential part of the foundation on which of a civilized society is build. A business or society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. â€Å"Live in such a way that you would not be Ashamed to sell your parrot to the town gossip.† ~ Will Rogers

Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays

Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper psychodynamic 1. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness of control . social cognitive learning 2. Jerome learns about etiquette by observing how his father interacts with his mother. This type of learning can be described as________. qualitative; quantitative 3. Piaget’s view assuming that thinking undergoes_________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by________ advances. microsystem 4. Your family, friends, and classmates are part of your: some experiments would be unethical 5. Why don’t lifespan researchers always use experiments? Children are more or less more of a â€Å"blank slate† written on by others or the environment, rather than active participants in their development. 6. Key issues in Lifespan development includes all of the following EXCEPT Interactions with each others and society across the lifespan 8. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development focus on: a critical period 9. We watched a YouTube clip of young geese imprinted on Konrad Lorenz at birth. This is an example of___________. amniocentisis 10. Which test can be used to accurately (definitively) determine the sex of the child: Poverty rates have gradually decreased in the U.S. during the last decade False a recent increase in alcohol consumption by pregnant women 12. A recent report said that maternal death rates in the U.S. are rising, and suggested that this may be due to all of the following EXCEPT: goal directed behavior 13. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with. Piaget would say that this is an example of ________. secondary circular reaction 14. Ryan accidently hits his crib and it makes an interesting noise. Ryan decides to repeat the action again. This is known as ________. folic acid; spina bifida 15. Any woman who could become pregnant should be sure she gets enough _______ to prevent ________ in her infant if she did become pregnant. reaction range 16. The nature vs nurture, genetics usually set a range of possibilities called passive 17. A child’s biological parents (with whom she lives) chooses and educational toys for her, and because she is genetically related to them, she readily accepts and uses these objects. This is an example of the __________ genotype-environment effect. there is no scientific evidence in bonding in humans 18. Research on bonding in humans indicates that_________. depth perception 19. The visual cliff is used to test infants_________. plasticity 20. ___________ refers to the idea that a developing structure (like the young brain) or a behavior is modifiable due to experience. Has more antibodies to prevent against disease and may improve brain development Breast milk: embryonic stage 22. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body system? polygenic inheritance 23. For many human characteristics, a combination of multiple gene pairs is involved in producing a particular characteristic. This is known as: classical conditioning 24. One- and two-day-old newborns who are stroked on the head just before breast feeding and receiving a sweet- tasting liquid soon learn to suck and turn their head at the head stroke. This is an example of: infants have rudimentary mathematical skills 25. The study illustrated in the textbook with Mickey Mouse statuettes in which the statues were hidden behind a barrier and then revealed led to the conclusion that___________. neonatal jaundice 26. Katherine was born five weeks premature. Because her liver did not work efficiently at first, she developed a yellowish tinge to her body. What is this condition? habituation 27. A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning (when she no longer shows interest)? principle of heirarchial integration 28. Once Hannah has learned to control and combine the movement of her fingers, she quickly learned how to grasp and reach her rattle. This skill illustrates the: synaptic pruning 29. If a babies experience do not stimulate certain nerves or nerve connections, then these nerve connections will be eliminated, a process known as _______________. myelin 30. What is the fatty substance that help helps insulate neurons and spread the transmission of nerve impulses? rooting 35. What is the term for the reflex where the neonate tends to turn its head towards things that touch its cheek? 12 36. Babies are typically able to walk independently (i.e. without holding on to objects around __________months of age. direct motor behavior 37. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through__________. infantile amnesia 38. Most people cannot remember their early childhood, a phenomenon known as________. automization 39. __________ refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention. assimilation 40. Eight-month-old Kimberly responds to her first plum by rolling it around her high chair tray as if it was her red rubber ball. This demonstrates the Piagetian process of: experimentation 41. Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell. This is an example of: mental representation 42. Piaget calls an internal image of past events or objects a(n)________ deferred imitation 43. When a child is able to pretend that he/she is able to drive a car, feeding a doll, or cooking dinner after he/she has witnessed such scene, and the person the child witnessed doing the activity is no longer present, this is called: nativistic approach 44. What is the term for the theory that is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development (this was Chomsky’s theory)? Children prefer it, it is related to linguistic competence, and it is related to early acquisition of words 45. It is important to speak to your child using infant-direct speech because________. complexities 46. Contemporary approaches to infant intelligence suggest that the_________ with which infants process information may correlate most strongly with later intelligence. Their ability to use sign language starting at about 6 months and their ability to perform deferred imitation tasks earlier than Piaget believed 47. What evidence has been used to suggest that children have attained some level of symbolic representation at a younger age than Piaget had suggested? Putting a baby to sleep on its back 48. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for SIDS for babies who are less than 5 months old? mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy 49. The primary, PREVENTABLE cause of mental retardation is: responses to the environment 50. Dr. Brazelton developed an assessment called the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale primarily to assess: Increased cognitive abilities of the infant Emerging bonds with the parents 1. Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety that begin after the first year represent: An infant sees her fathers facial expression of encouragement and her mothers facial expression of fear 2. In which of the following scenarios is social referencing most likely to be stressful for and infant: food alone is insufficient to bring about attachment 3. Harry Harlow’s class study with the cloth and wire monkeys illustrates that _________ rhythmicity 4. An infant keeps a very regular schedule of hunger, sleep, and excretion. This relates to which dimension of temperament. primary circular 5. According to Piaget, an infant who at first by chance gets her thumb in her mouth and then purposefully repeats the action is exhibiting: in the first 18 months of life 6. According to Erikson, when do children pass through the trust- vs.- mistrust stage: goodness of fit 7. The term _________ reflects how well parents match or work with their child’s behavior. For example, my nephew had a difficult temperament but became easier over time as his mother reacted to him with warmth and consistency. In some instances is associated with abusive parenting May lead to dissocociative experiences in adolescence 8. The disorganized/disoriented attachment style_________ Sensitivity to their infants needs and desires 9. What is the hallmark of mothers of securely attached infants? reciprocal socialization 11. The process in which infants behaviors invite further responses from†¦about the father responses from infants is________. a sense of self awareness 12. As discussed in class, a red spot was put on an elephant’s head and placed in front of a mirror to look at. The elephant looked at the mirror and used his trunk to touch his reflection, researchers doing this suggested that the elephant has future academic success Head Start was designed to promote_______. slow to warm 14. According to Thomas and Chess, ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬__________ babies are inactive reactions to their environments and may initially withdrawn from new situations theory of mind 15. My dog Chet exhibited his own________ when he tricked the other dog for a treat by pretending there was a possum or raccoon in the back yard. play with her 16. What is Fred most likely to spend time doing with his infant daughter? fast mapping 17. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their brief encounter? transformation 18. A 4-year old child is asked to draw a pencil falling. The child draws the pencil falling horizontal with no stages in between. The child shows that she does not understand Most common kind of illness preschool yearsMay help children build up immunity to severe illnesses Mat promote coping skills minor illnesses such as colds No TV / 1-2 hrs. a day 20. The average preschooler watches 21 hours of TV a week, but the American Accociation of Pediatrics recommends________ for kids under 2 and ________over that. Tiny amounts of lead typically do not harm most children 21. Which of the following about lead poisoning is FALSE? spatial relationships 22. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the p†¦.following areas except: Increased criminal convictions by age 30, for those who like TV violence Increased bullying and aggressive behaviors An inscensitivity for the suffering of victims of violence. 23. The impacts of watching violent programs on TV includes_______. preschool years 24. Which of the following stages is a period where the general level of physical and †¦are extraordinary high centration 25. Madeline is working to teach 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places in one row with very little space between the buttons, and the 8 buttons in another row†¦ between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asked daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row ,†¦knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? their memory is fragile and easily changed 26. Which of the following is true about children’s, particularly preschoolers eye witness testimony? they lack understanding of conservation When giving kids in the 2-7 year age range glasses of organic apple juice, it helped†¦ same size cup because they have difficulty accepting the idea that a short, wide cup †¦much as a tall skinny glass, that is________ they should begin when they show signs of readiness 28. According of the American Acadamy of Pediatrics, when should children be potty trained? Helps children solve problems and reflect on difficulties they encounter. 29. According to Vygotsky, private speech______. flexible 30. Brazelton suggests a_______ approach to toilet training. collectivism 31. _________ is a philosophy that promotes the notion of independence Try to do more and more things independently and may become frustrated and afraid to fail. Erikson says that Preschool aged children tend to: associative 33. What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with sharing or borrowing of materials, although they do not do the same thing? Boys are shaped more towards independence, girls towards dependence 34. In terms of gender, which of the following is TRUE? social-learning approach 35. Three-year-old Susan is exposed to repeats of older television programs which†¦men in highly traditional roles and have a powerful influence in her identification of male behavior. The explanation for Susan’s gender development is based on the: Watch the kids and start doing what they are doing 36. What is a â€Å"skilled† way for children to enter into group play? authoritative 37. Leo and Mary use firm control with their children but encourage communication in rule setting within the family. What is their parenting style? motivation to achieve 38. Maurice and Mary are children of authoritarian parents. They are likely to†¦ of the following characteristics (based on their gender) EXCEPT: Kids are less likely to internalize their parents rulesAre more likely to be aggressive 39. As a result of spanking, ________ cycle of violence 40. The ________ hypothesis points to the likelihood that person†¦. May turn into abusive as adults â€Å"I have brown eyes and black hair† 41. Jamie is a 4-year-old girl. When asked to describe herself she is most likely to say: mildly retarded 42. Ted is mentally retarded, having an IQ of 65, he is a janitor, can read and write and lives in an apartment by himself. What classification of mental retardation does he have? scaffolding 43. What is the term used to describe the support a child might receive that does something she can’t do independently? De-center and reverse operations 47. According to Piaget, during concrete operational stage kids first begin: fluid intelligence 48. When you are playing arcade games and attempting to drive a car†¦.the type of intelligence you would be using would be_____. sensorimotor 51. The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is: quantitative 54. The information processing approach emphasized changes in development is called: goal directed behavior 57. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib†¦ pull back blanket that is covering teddy bear she wants to play with.. this is an example of: direct motor behavior 58. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through: accommodation 59. John makes minor changes to his schemes every time he has a new†¦called: mental representation 60. Piaget called an internal image of a past event or object a(n): tends to be increasingly related to particular competencies tends to increase during elementary school tends to decline slightly upon entering middle school Self- esteem during middle childhood for European- American kids: It protects ones self image What is the effect of making downward social comparisions? conventional morality A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and flunk the course. The student is demonstrating: The original work was done primarily on white males and doesn’t fit women An individuals judgments are not the same as their actual behaviors Criticism of Kohlberg’s work on moral development include: Morality of nonviolence What is Carol Gilligan’s final stage of moral development for women? Teach kids to leave situations in which bullying can occur Teach kids to not get upset by the bully’s taunts Teach them they are not responsible for the bully’s behavior Which of the following can help victims stop bullying? experience sleep problems, anxiety and depression within the first 2 years tend to recover to pre-divorce levels of function within 2 years of the divorce . Most children of divorce; tend to exhibit few differences compared to other families Families with gay and lesbian parents: Girls typically fare worse once their mother has remarried 12. Which of the following is TRUE about divorce/ remarriage? expectation- outcome Barbara expected more out of one of her students because she had †¦ student had excelled the previous year. When the student met her expectations†¦ egocentrism Which of the following is a type of thinking that is evident in both early childhood: metacognition Sally is able to take her understanding of the general concepts about how a to predict how pendulums with different weights might compare. She is using: glass ceiling The_________ effect refers to the limited promotions and career advancement often faced in the workplace. HPV Which very common STI has been identified as the leading causes of cervical cancer? false consensus effect Many adolescents begin to drink because conspicuous examples of drunkenness convince them to assume that everyone is drinking heavily. This is known as: identity achievement According to James Marcia the status of adolescents who commit to a particular of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called: personal fable . Renee engages in unprotected sexual intercourse with her boyfriend because she doesn’t think she can get pregnant or that she could get a sexually transmitted disease, is an example of: virginity pledges Which is NOT one of the factors attributed to the decline in teenage pregnancy rates: sex cleavage At age 13, Julie hangs out with a group which consists of all girls, which is typical for a†¦ grouping is called: socialized delinquent Jeb is psychologically normal but shoplifts when pressured by his peers. How would†¦ controversial Adolescents who are liked by some and disliked by others are called: form intimate relationships According to Erikson, I Early adulthood one of the major tasks is to: Girls attempt suicide more frequently than boys Which of the following is an accurate statement about adolescents suicide? Comprehensive sex education programs are less effective than abstinence Which of the following is FALSE? obsessive fantasies Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by each of the following EXCEPT: hallucinations and delusions Schizophrenia is often characterized by: may be exhibited as confussion may be exhibited may be mis diagnosed as dementia In the elderly, depression: postformal thought When Sam was an adolescent, he saw the world in terms or â€Å"right or wrong† ideas he understands that what might be â€Å"right† for him might be â€Å"wrong† for someone else is more relativistic thinking called: binge and purge Individuals with bulimia practical intelligence Mary is a successful cheif executive officer of a marketing firm. She gained her success by being able to learn about the norms of appropriate behavior in the firm. Mary is high in: meta-memory when studying for this exam, you likely thought about the strategies †¦rehearsal or trying to come up with examples of the material. Thinking ahead is an example of_______. asthma Which of the following health problems of middle childhood has increases over the past several decades? sensorimotor The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget: Limit where they go b/c of fear of a panic attack Individuals who have agoraphobia