Organizational Structure Essay

To be successful in today’s world, organizations must quickly respond to a competitive and continuous changing environment. In most cases that means being innovative, reinventing themselves’ and changing many of the established ground rules of their own industry. Organizational leaders can’t allow their staff to settle and be content with ideas of the past. Organizations must challenge its management staff to embrace change while continuing to look for ways and methods to improve. In many instances, an organization’s structure can impact the degrees of its successes. For instance, an organization with a decentralized structure, which has open communication system, tends to be more innovative. Organizations that are more highly centralized with most of the decisions being made at the upper level, tend to be much slower in their actions because of decisions that are handed down from level to level, where as the decentralized organizations tend to react faster because it empowers its employees and allows them to make decisions at all levels of the organization. An organizational system that is being used world wide by many organizations is that of the cross-functional team. This team concept brings together employees from various functional units within the division and it enables them to implement and integrate new ideas more rapidly, because of the upfront teamwork that limits the amount of trial and error normally associated with change. The cross-functional team approach provides an upfront opportunity to research the impact decisions will have on each functional area and modify them accordingly. The organizing function of management is the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals. The deployment of resources is reflected in the organization’s division of labor into specific departments and jobs, formal lines of authority, and mechanisms for coordinating diverse organization tasks. Organizing is important because it follows strategy. Strategy defines what to do, and organizing defines how to do it. The organizing process leads to the creation of organization structure. Organization structure is a tool that managers use to harness resources for getting things done. Organization structure is defined as the set of formal tasks assigned to individuals and departments; formal reporting relationships, including lines of authority, decision responsibility, number  of hierarchical levels, and span of managers’ control; and the design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across departments. Parker Powertrain primarily utilizes a decentralized organizational structure. Although we are part of a six billion dollar organization, most decisions that impact our division are made within our division. The organization does have many centralized strategic goals that are handed down to all divisions, but each division also has its own internal strategic goals that apply to and impact only that division and its customers and product markets. Parker Powertrain also utilizes the cross-functional team concept within its division for most of its continuous improvement ideas. We have cross functional teams that work on product design, six sigma, scrap reduction, new product launches, cost reduction, and productivity improvements. We even have teams that focus on improving communication, along with recognizing and rewarding employees for outstanding performances and behavior. Depending on the tasks at hand, employees are chosen from all vital departments within the division, and on man y occasions some employees are chosen from non-vital departments, just to offer a little diversity to the team. We have several formal cross-functional teams which are part of the organization’s formal structure. These teams usually consist of the same members all the time, and their primary focus is usually planning the strategic goals within the division. We also have special purpose teams, which have a specific purpose and once that purpose is complete the team disbands. An example of our special purpose teams would be our communication and our rewards and recognition team. They were brought together to help fix or improve a problem, and once they are finished the team will dissolve. Another type of cross-functional team that our division uses is a problem-solving team. This type of team usually consists of hourly associates from within the same department who voluntarily meet to discuss ways of improving quality, scrap, and productivity. These teams continue to focus and work on those types of problems as they arise. Although our organization is already utilizing many of the tools mentioned in this article, I still believe we at Parker Powertrain can benefit more by implementing more of the problem-solving teams. We have several of our  departments that currently don’t utilize this method, and they could improve many of their daily tasks if they would evaluate them and look for improvements. Unfortunately, we still have several managers that seem to be from the dark ages and don’t realize that our employees are our greatest asset, and that usually they can develop ideas and methods that can greatly improve processes because they can bring the knowledge that comes from first hand experience. My challenge to my divisional staff would be for them to either replace those managers that are holding the rest of us back, or convince them to seek the training and the skills necessary to enable them to brace change head on. Buhler, Patrick M.,The Manager’s Role in Building an Innovative Organization, Supervision; Burlington; Aug 2002.

Business Communication Skills

Faculty of Business, Computing & Information Management Business Communication Skills Coursework- Critical review & Personal Development Review Module Coordinator: Mr. Phil Vellender Module Code: BBS-6-BCS Course: MBA (FT) By Mahalakshmi Table of Contents Critical Review Do shareholders own the company? 1. 1 Introduction This is a critical review of an article published on the website of The Financial Times on 20 April 2012. This article was published in The Financial Times newspaper on 21 April 2012.The title of the article is ‘Shareholders lose patience on banker’s pay’ by Dan McCrum and Kate Burgess from New York and London respectively. The purpose of choosing this article is of my personal interest on banking industry, for its interesting information about shareholders, significance and ornate style of writing. This review begins with an analysis on the reading and writing context of the article, followed by a brief summary of key points, a critical evaluatio n of language used, content analysis and a conclusion. References and the article itself are also included at the end of the review. . 2 Context As mentioned before, this article has been taken from the newspaper publication ‘The Financial Times’, which is one of the largest business news and information company in the world. It offers vast news, comments, data and analysis to business community globally. It is known worldwide for its reliability, authority and accuracy(http://www. ft. com/home/uk). The article relates to current affairs on the importance of investors’ vote on the company’s pay. The writers of this article discuss the same on different banks in United Kingdom and United States.Moreover, it brings different predictions based on the impact of the investor’s vote on pay package. 1. 3 Summary First, the writers of the article begin with the information on how the chief executive of Citigroup suffered a loss because of lack of its shareh olders’ support on their â€Å"pay package†. Furthermore, they also discuss that the board of directors look back to their pay levels questioning themselves on what makes the investors lose their temper and found that poor returns of the bank’s investment to be the reason for losing shareholders’ patience.Second, the authors stress on the point that it is shareholders’ responsibility to query the company board of directors about their financial position, performance and their management strategy. They also state that due to the governance pressure on investors, it is mandatory to hold an advisory â€Å"say on pay† vote for all US registered companies. They also show evidence on how company’s pay changes depending on the investors support by giving the statistical data on two companies like Jacobs Engineering Group and Beazer Homes. Third, the authors compare the US listed companies votes with that of UK registered companies votes.They have chosen Barclays bank in London as an example. According to the article, the investors have decided to vote for Barclays for its plan but still many are threatened to vote no. Even though, Mr Diamond is ready to give away half of his bonus and share higher profits to shareholders, still some of the investors does not agree to provide â€Å"say on pay† vote. Finally, the writers conclude that the executives who fail to respond their shareholders will have to face its consequences and pay a bulky price. 1. 4 Language Analysis The language of the article fluctuates between idiomatic language and editorial style.An example of editorial style can be found in the beginning of fourth paragraph:† Boards looking at their own pay scales†¦.. confined to the banks† and also in the fifth paragraph:† Investors are have been fraying for some time†. The writers uses certain spoken style and furthermore raises direct questions like for example,† Is it e nough? † thereby attracts the reader’s attention. Moreover, evidence of academic style usage can be noticed in few paragraphs. For instance, idioms like † came out of the blue† and â€Å" rubbed salt into their wounds† arouses the reader’s sympathy on the chief executive.Paragraph length is not too long with clear and appropriate separation of ideas thereby making this article easy to read and understand. Sentences vary from short to medium or rather not too long but there is a combination of simple and complex in their structure. No subheadings have been used in this article. The title â€Å"Shareholders lose patience on bankers’ pay† raises an issue and grabs the attention of the readers. Consequently, this will also boost the audience to continue reading because they will want to know what the subject is about and the reason for the problem.The writers provides visual of Vikram Pandit, chief executive of Citigroup, who is shock ed and looks very perplexed, thinking on why shareholders denied to accept on his pay package. However, the vocabulary range is reasonably wide and standard with a little informal and business language. For example, â€Å"aberration†(meaning abnormal), â€Å"assertive† (meaning confidant), both in the 4th paragraph and â€Å"abstentions†(meaning the act of self-denial) in the 18th paragraph shows the evidence of use of formal words. The writers also use some oral vocabulary like â€Å"said† and â€Å"says†.Business vocabulary crops up throughout the text for example â€Å"shareholders†(line 1), â€Å"pay package†(line 8),†say on pay†() or â€Å"profits†. The text type of this article seems to be argumentative as the writers raise an query to the readers on whether the shareholders has the right to play role on deciding the pay package for the executives of the company and take initiative on accepting or avoiding the remuneration committee. In addition, this article was also informative as it provides details on how the shareholders are affected by different banker’s pay package and their bonus without attaining actual success. . 5 Content Analysis The content of the article is well-organised and simple to understand for readers who are more interested in financials due to its business language and strong points. As a student who is interested in finance, this article seems to be interesting and informative one as it provides the current news on shareholders role on a company (here is the case of banks) and discusses the consequences of losing company’s shareholders’ support and their advisory on ‘say on pay’ vote at annual meetings.This article partially carries new knowledge for frequent readers of this magazine about the significance of the company’s shareholders support. On the other hand, this article conveys a series of interesting awareness and hy pothesis where he falls back with valid proof. As an American and British, the authors show an evidence of good knowledge on the financial performance and series of events of different firms that take place in every company annual meeting. The way the writers build up the controversy is simple to follow and understand.The authors have explained from their point of view on shareholders setting up remuneration committees and re-elections in the UK and US economy. No alternative point of view is displayed. Some of the statistical data from the article are assumed to make it believable but perhaps it is major claim to integrity for me is that I completely agree with the author’s point of view. 1. 6 Conclusion In conclusion, the article presents an interesting viewpoint on shareholders responsibilities and right to take the leading role in terms of reimbursement.With clear examples, the article demonstrates the effects on investors’ vote on banker’s pay. The authors conclude by stating that the decision made on Barclay will come to know only after the meeting. The language range is typical of the publication, widespread, normal and with ample of business terms. In my opinion, the article is a good choice for finance and marketing students in comprehending more about the investor’s role. Overall, it provides a clear perspective on an emerging marketing trend in the world today. 2. Personal Development Plan Review 2. 1 IntroductionAny individual will want to establish their personal goals and make them practicable within a specific period of time. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to prepare a ‘Personal Development Plan’(PDP). According to the guidelines for HE progress files, PDP is defined as â€Å"a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development†. Being one of the modules in my course, I have been asked to prepare my personal development plan for communication skills.In this review, it starts with the four step model used for my PDP and ends with a conclusion. 2. 2 Four-step Model In order to set up my personal development plan, I have used a simple model, as recommended in our business communication skills module guide. This model consists of four steps which are as follows: 1. Identify what you need to develop/ improve * Enhance my academic writing skills * Develop my speaking style, improve on my vocabulary, tone and pace while giving an oral presentation * Learn how to do speed reading * learn how to make proper notes- note taking 2. Identify how you can achieve your aims To improve my academic writing skills, I will practise writing essays, read books about academic writing and pay attention to the lectures on the same. * Listen to news and radio, communicate with my classmates and show active participation in group discussion in order to build up my style of speaking * Will make a list of new words, linkers, learn synonyms and practise some academic vocabulary exercises * Pay attention to my colleagues’ way of performing their oral presentations, make a note of their strengths and weakness, thereby improving my oral presentation skills i. . tone and pace * Will read lot of books as possible, journal papers to develop speed reading * Will use the concept mind mapping whenever I take notes 3. Identify when you will do the activities described in 2. above * Week 2-9: * Answering discussion questions in managerial economics and follow-ups for the same * Week 2-8: * Review my colleague’s oral presentation and practise my presentation in front of mirror * Week 8-9 and during Easter holidays: Practise taking notes using mind mapping while reading core text books * Read and practise exercise from the following books: Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing for International Students of Business, Routledge Bennie , M. (1998)(4th ed) Mastering Business English –how to improve your Business Communication skills, Oxford 4. Check yourself- how will you recognize you have accomplished your aims? My main assessment strategy will be by observing my marks and feedback I get for my assignments and oral presentation.With the help of mind mapping, I was able to complete some of my coursework one week earlier than the actual deadline. The marks and feedback for the same are due in the next few weeks. Alternatively, I will also be monitoring myself on specific areas like speed reading. My marks have been very satisfactory till now. 2. 3 Conclusion Overall, I could make out that the decent marks and encouraging feedback has given me confidence about my knowledge of English language has improved. I feel that my speed reading and speaking style also has improved.I am very sure that these progresses will support in the coursework ahead and my final dissertation. I will also make sure that I will conti nue to develop these qualities in near future too. 3. References * Guidelines for HE progress file [Online] Available from: http://www. qaa. ac. uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/progfile2001. pdf [Accessed 1 May 2012] * Financial Times : http://www. ft. com/home/uk * Thesaurus : http://thesaurus. com/ * Word Hipo : http://www. wordhippo. com/

A humble people

List the positive and the negative things Bingham says about the British. In the text are positive and negative things said about the British. Bingham is of the opinion that the positive things about British are that they are Imaginative and original, permissive and that they are at least not French. But he also believes that there are many bad things too. Firstly, he mentions that there are problems in society. Secondly he says that there is a lack in education. Additionally the managers and politicians combine worse attributes like greedy, incompetent and sleazy. And finally other bad things about British is according to Bingham that they hate their weather, the public services extremely bad, the house prices are very high, the roads Jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. b) How does the author view multiculturalism in Britain today? Describe how, according to him, multiculturalism was different in the past. The authors view is that multiculturalism In Britain today causes less difficulties than in the past. He mentions that some people say that multiculturalism causes problems because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont be a new challenge if it exists. According to him, multiculturalism in the past was always combined with bad manners like a sword in the belly (1. 31) in the age of the Vikings or bonfires, stakes and heretics (1. 32) in the sixteenth century. 2. Analysis Examine the style of the text think about *tone and *irony. Describe the effect on the reader. The author makes use of formal language but also incorporates colloquial elements. He is distinguished by his eloquence. Combining an elevated style with colloquial language gives a comic effect. The text varies in the use of simple and complex sentence construction. The text is written in an ironic style and contains many ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text Is humorous. The vocabulary Is extensive. Essay about A humble people By Pantapon 1 . Comprehension opinion that the positive things about British are that they are imaginative and jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. The authors view is that multiculturalism in Britain today causes less difficulties than because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text is humorous. The vocabulary is extensive.

Political parties in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political parties in the United States - Essay Example People are either in favor of the Democrats or the Republicans. Recently though, new movements are arising from the grassroots which seek to distance themselves from the influence of either parties but nevertheless carry some of intrinsic liberal or conservative political standpoints of the Democratic and Republican parties respectively. This may be attributed to the fact that satisfaction with how both parties have run the past and present administrations is very low. Whether this phenomenon would lead to the rise of new political parties that would present themselves as viable alternatives to the dominant ones as well as the minor groups in existence is a possibility that remains to be seen. One way of determining this possibility is by taking a look at the history of the establishment of the Democratic and the Republican parties. A study on their respective evolution as the country’s top political forces, which did not only shape opinions but national and international poli cies as well, would provide ideas on the future of American politics as well. At a glance the contradictions of the two parties may seem to have stalled the country in its efforts to advance further or to maintain its status as a world power. However, this brief study would also prove that is the said contradictions that served as factors in the changes that the country continues to experience. A review on the US Constitution would tell that that the nation’s Founding Fathers did not wish to see the country’s political system to be partisan in any way. Such an attitude against partisan politics however may well be considered as a natural reaction to the conditions of the times. Apparently, the nation was still young and unstable. While it had yet to strengthen itself internally, it was already facing threats from external forces. There were other countries in Europe that were interested in certain parts of its territory and there was also the danger of the British tryi ng to regain what pride and power it lost as a result of the American independence. The Federalist Papers No. 9 and 10 pointed out that factionalism and the emergence of opposing political groups would not be advantageous to the country. In Federalist Paper No. 10, however, James Madison explicitly wrote about what he perceived as the great disadvantage of a democracy. His assertion is that â€Å"a large republic is superior to a democracy because a large republic will have more qualified people whose talent will be pooled together, and it will be more conspicuous, thus reducing the chance for corruption.† (Scaros 41) Obviously, even as there were still no political parties at the time because these were basically discouraged, the ideas that would differentiate the basic principles of the Democrats and the Republicans had begun to emerge. In the last decade of the 1700s, the first two political parties emerged. In the study of political history, this was a period that was cal led the First Party System. The Federalist Part and the Democratic-Republican Party main line of contention was about the role of the national and federal government. The former strongly believed in a strong central government, emphasizing that this would result in administrative and fiscal efficiency. The latter, on the other hand considers a

Intenational Trade Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intenational Trade Policy - Essay Example Trade is the driving force for the economic development of theses countries. Countries connected by common currencies, policies and institutions could converge their incomes to the richer countries by improving the trade between the countries. Faster economic growth is largely depended on trade openness. Many countries adopted the trade liberalization policy and joined in the world trade for achieving the economic growth all most all the countries have achieved their goals of through liberalized trade policy. World bank studies show that during 1946 and 1986 strong and sustained liberalization led to the rapid growth of exports, which further led to economic growth (Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 1978, Annatomy and Consequences of Exchage control Regimes) 1. 1994 study reveals that poorest countries also grew and develop between 1960 and 1986 due to openness of the trade, which led to higher productivity (Alberto F. Ades and Edward L. Glaeser, 1999, evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, and Extent of the Market) 2 When we study the history of economic development we witness that trade is a driving force for economic growth in developed and under developing countries. Since World War II the expansion of trade has played a dynamic role in global economic growth. Till 1994 before the World Trade Organization came into existence multilateral trade was limited to industrial countries. From 1994 the multilateral trade has expanded, to many countries of developed and underdeveloped including the countries of agricultural base due to liberalization. As a result of multinational liberalization all countries are benefited in their economic growth by unveiling their unexploited potentials. Since early 1970s world economy is in the midst of strongest period of sustained global growth duly maintaining the inflation at low levels, same trend is continued into 2007. We witness an unexpected and robust growth in India and China including other developing countries. Strong performance is also witnessed in low-income countries, such as sub-Saharan Africa (Rodrigo de Rato, Managing Director, IMF, Sustaining Global Growth, March 30, 2007)1 The main cause of this prodigious performance is attributed to solid growth in productivity, which led to growth in profits and real wages and also absorbing the sharp increase in prices to maintain the inflation at low levels. This global economic growth is made possible not merely on solid growth in productivity but rapid growth in international trade especially the developed and underdeveloped countries joining the global market. Entry of India, China and Eastern Bloc of Europe in the multilateral trade has made a substantial contribution to global economic growth. Besides other factors such as introduction of new technologies in manufacturing and service activities, increasing international mobility of capital, large-scale movements of underemployed labor out of agriculture into manufacturing and service in many developing counties and migration flow of poor counties towards the advanced economies, global integration of trade and financial market has produced tremendous benefits and trade is the driving force for this global economic growth (Rodrigo de Rato, Managing Director, IMF, Sustaining Global Growth, March 30, 2007)1 If we examine the development of economic growth of individual member countries

Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marks & Spencer - Essay Example The company's preferred method of returning cash is by using the B shares scheme. Since it does not want to use the traditional share repurchase, it has created a conversion of shares – for every 21 current ordinary shares, investors will receive 17 new ordinary shares along with 1 B share for every current ordinary share (Marks & Spencer Plc 20020). The purpose of the conversion is to decrease the company's shareholding without using the traditional repurchase approach, while the use of B shares intends to give back the cash by redeeming it under two choices (Vandermewe 2003).  This B share scheme has offered both the company and the investors with regard to payout policy. The scheme addresses both the concerns of investors when cash is distributed by using the traditional shares repurchase, as well as their concerns when funds are distributed by increasing the amount dividend payout – that is, the high amount of income taxes that investors incur when they receive di vidends (Hakanson 1982). From the point of view of the company, it also uses this scheme in order to leverage certain payout policy theories.  For one, the B share scheme addresses the issues of payout policy such as information asymmetry, residual theory, and expectations theory (Keown 2002). When the company has decided to return the  £2 billion to its shareholders, it aims to reorganize its capital structure in line with the strategic changes that aims to implement (Marks & Spencer 2002). However, if the company chooses to repurchase its stock, investors will be skeptical about the company's moves and would have a more risky perception of the company, thus affecting the company's price/earnings ratio and the value of the stock (Brealey & Myers 2003). As with residual theory, the level of the cash that should be given back to the investors should be its residual earnings, after additional profitable investments have been made (Keown 2002).

The Cost Allocation Process of Information Technology Essay

The Cost Allocation Process of Information Technology - Essay Example As more firms have adopted computer software over manual functioning. Similarly, computer networks also help the departments within a firm to coordinate and communicate among themselves. With all of these advancements come costs of setting up computer networks and other related costs. Allocation of I.T costs(charging the cost to each department according to its usage of a resource) is among current hot-topic in the corporate world. According to a study done by Forrester, Computer Hardware and Network costs make up to one-third of the I.T department budget. However, the main problem is of allocating costs among various departments within a firm. The most widely used method by accountants is to allocate these costs is by dividing these costs according to the consumption by the respective department. By relative consumption, we mean that each department will be charged a share of cost according to their use. For example, if there are two departments who both use I.T network, now when at the end of fiscal year, the time for cost allocation comes, the department with more usage will be charged more and with less usage will be charged less. The fundamental reason for charging this method is to avoid multiple free-riders problems. Free-riding occurs when those who do not pay for a resource could also use the resource, so no-one is foolish enough to put up his hand and say I will pay for the resource because he knows that even if he doesn't pay for the resource he would be able to use it. For example, let's take an example from out of context here. Suppose that there is a community of fishermen is living near the sea.

European law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European law - Assignment Example 12). Facts Roberto Grenades has dual citizenship, namely Spanish and American. As per the Nationality Act of the UK, a person can have dual citizenship, but nationality will be decided on the basis of his place of habitual residence. Roberto Grenades spent most of his time in New York. However, he and his gay partner Quang Phuc, had shifted to Madrid from the US, four years ago. Their registered civil partnership had been recognized under Spanish law. In 2010, Roberto obtained work in London, as a helper in a Buddhist temple. However, the UK Government suspected that the organisation behind this temple was being funded by a terrorist organisation. Hence, they asked Roberto to leave the UK, as he was not an EU citizen and as he had links with terrorist organisations. In addition, Quang was also asked by the UK Government to leave the nation, as he would not be considered a family member of Roberto. Moreover, he had been convicted previously for the possession of illegal drugs. Issues Whether Roberto can claim the rights of permanent residence under the provisions of EU law. Whether Quang can claim family residential rights against the UK government. Rule of Law Continuous legal residence for five years in the host EU nation is sufficient entitlement for permitting a person to reside in that nation on a permanent basis. This right is derived directly from the EU law (European Commission , 2010). Citizens of the European Union (EU) are strictly those who are nationals of the Member States of the EU. This status can be achieved by a national of a third country, only by procuring the nationality of a Member State (Handoll, 2003, p. 12). Entry or residence could be refused to a family member on grounds of public policy, internal security or public health (Europa, 2011). Analysis Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22nd September 2003, states that the spouse of the sponsor and the minor children of the couple are eligible for family reunification. Minor children, in this context, refers to children whose age is less than the legal age of majority in the concerned Member State. Moreover, one of the members of the couple is eligible for family reunification, if that person has custody and the children, including adopted children, are dependent on that person (Europa, 2011). Furthermore, a Member State can authorise, under certain circumstances, the family reunification of first degree ascendants in the direct line, unmarried children who are not minors, and unmarried partners. The concerned individual could be required to have accommodation that satisfied the general health and safety norms, sickness insurance, and stable resources that are sufficient to maintain that person and the members of that individual’s family. In addition, that person may be required to comply with the integration measures enjoined by the national law. Moreover, it may be necessary for that person to have been living in that Member State for some specific period of tim e up to a maximum of 2 years, prior to unification with the family members. Entry or residence could be refused to a family member on grounds of public policy, internal security or public health (Europa, 2011). In our problem, Roberto had been ordered by the UK government to leave the nation due to the suspicion that he had ties with terrorist organisations. He cannot plead for long term residency rights in the EU Member States, because he has moved to EU

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business management - Essay Example Various management practices depend on the trust and empowerment that are designed to increase employee assurance to performance objectives and organizational objectives. The scenario of market place and space are rapidly changing since few years. Therefore these changing scenarios have convinced the management of company and shareholders to adopt a new archetype based on new values. For an example, in banking sector new financial products are jumping up in quick speed. These may create several problems and tough times for the management board in order to compete in this global competitive market. The organization cultures need to change according to the change of market place scenario. It involves understanding the current role, current culture. There is need for greater flexibility and speed that can be achieved through employee involvement in the management decision making. Due to high flexibility, employees get motivated to innovate without any kind of bureaucracy. Red tapes and bureaucracy generally aggravates employees and shuts them down. Employee involvement in management decision making is an old idea that has been frequently invigorated by new generation organizations across the globe. For an example, the oldest system of documented of employee participation is a particular document called â€Å"employee suggestion system† established in 1898. The return of nominal investments comes as superior level of employee motivation, productivity, creativity, and commitment that will shift the organization towards success.

Reading questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Reading questions - Assignment Example Most importantly, timely data interpretation is crucial as it is not dynamic but static element that may lose its wider meaning if left unattended. When the random data is streamlined into coherent arrangement or format and adds value to the given issue or subject, it is known as information. Thus, information can be broadly described as a process of rearranging data in some specified way so as to reveal certain critical facts about particular issue or subject. The individual entities within a database constitute vital ingredients of facts or information that helps to make rational choice or facilitate decision making process based on informed choice. In research, the information provided by data helps in interpretation of situation and come to certain conclusion. Hence, data help to construct some meaning to issue and reveal new perspectives or confirm existing knowledge. Interview is my favorite data collection method. The major factor that makes it attractive is the human interaction that gives data that can generate new theories about the real life situation. More importantly, it is an art in retrieving vital information from the subject or respondent through his said/unsaid words, behavior and emotions. The interpretation of data generated through interview is also attractive for its social construction of meaning in human behavior. It is a complex process where understanding, sensitivity to the feelings and socio-cultural value system and ethical considerations play crucial role in establishing trust and confidence between the researcher and respondent or interviewee. The relationship building becomes essential part of interview schedule as it helps to get the right information and many times, confidential information that is significant to the research outcome. Another very attractive aspect of interview its format of questions that can not only help to extract vital information without alarming the respondent but tests the critical thinking

Providing visual support Essay Example for Free

Providing visual support Essay Nancy is 24 year old women and a house wife by profession. She is disabled by birth and totally dependant on wheelchair. She stays with her husband, who is software professional and busy most of the time. Being a housewife, Nancy has vey little technology knowledge and finds it difficult to use technology spontaneously. Nancy doesn’t want her disability to become her weakness and wants to work like a normal housewife, like cooking for her husband, washing utensils etc. She wants a kitchen which is universally designed and where she should be able to work effectively like a normal person with ease of use and learning being her first priority. How should an interior designer design a universally designed kitchen keeping in mind people like Nancy? †¢ Making the height of the kitchen cabinet, Cook top, Microwave stand accessible by wheelchair. †¢ Having an adjustable-height cabinets, can help all users to use them effectively. Also customizable design which can be changed based on user preferences also makes design effective and more usable. †¢ Having a removable sink and drying rack will give sufficient space for food preparation. This can again be re-fitted as and when required. Thus giving flexibility to people like Nancy or old aged people, who can’t stand and cook. †¢ Foldable cabinet doors under cooktop, providing sufficient knee space. †¢ Providing visual support can also help users to use kitchen more easily and effectively. †¢ Voice based support in kitchen can also be a good idea, thus making design accessible for people with low vision. †¢ Automated dishwasher or microwave system can help them easily placing dish without much effort. Let’s see some examples of universally designed kitchens Persona 3. He is a retired professional and stays alone in his 2 bedroom apartment which is on the 10th floor. He finds it difficult to walk and climb stairs and also have sight problem. Rodney has very little technology knowledge and finds it difficult to remember things, due to his growing age. He depends on electronic wheelchair most of the time. He needs an elevator system in his apartment which can accommodate his wheelchair also, making his life easy at this age. How can we make a universally designed elevator? †¢ Increasing the width of the elevator hence giving ample space to use wheelchairs and thus making it approachable †¢ Big display screen, which displays the floor details big and clear, thus accommodating people like Rodney to use it with ease †¢ Voice based support system, which informs the user which floor the user is in, can also help the disabled user to use them effectively. Let’s see example of a universally designed elevator Conclusion: Irrespective of age, ability or disability and situations, every has the right to effectively use any products or services, hence designers should always be conscious about this fact and implement their design ideas to serve one and everyone. This is what universal design means. Bibliography http://idea.ap.buffalo.edu/ http://www. design. ncsu. edu/cud/about_ud/udprincipleshtmlformat. html#top Frascara J. , (1997), User-Centred Graphic Design: Mass Communication and Social Change, Taylor Francis, London

Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam

Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam Task 2 The relationship between Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam The relationship between the arkanul Islam and the aqeeda ul-Islam is fundamental to the Islamic Faith. These two concepts provide part of an ethics basis to Islamic life and the link is inseparable. To achieve Allahs mercy and favour in life, a Muslim must practice first and foremost the Arkanul Islam or the five Pillars of Islam (practiced by the Sunnis). The Aqeeda ul-Islam are the â€Å"Articles of Faith† and give meaning and purpose to the Arkanul Islam. The pillars are so central and important to Islamic life, that by not following them, one is not truly submitting themselves to Allah and is therefore not a Muslim. And without the meaning given by the Aqeeda ul-Islam the deeds of the Arkanul Islam are meaningless in Allahs eyes. The five Pillars of Islam require the articles of belief before the act of a deed is meaningful. The submission to the six articles allows all deeds a Muslim may perform to be righteous and positive. The Aqeeda ul-Islam have six articles of belief. The articles are: 1. Belief in Allah, the only God 2. Belief in all the Prophets sent by God 3. Belief in the Angels 4. Belief in the Quran 5. Belief in the Day of Judgment and in the Resurrection 6. Belief in Destiny and Gods chosen path The five Pillars are set down in the Quran in various suras and provide a template of life for a Muslim. The most important Pillar and also the most conceptual is Shahadah, or the acceptance of Allah and his final messenger the Prophet Muhammad. This deceleration ties in with the Tawhid concept of God, a monotheistic and indivisible entity. A Muslim practices the Pillar of Shahadah simply by never relinquishing his belief or questioning the truth of the oneness of Allah or the Hadith, the teachings and stories of the Prophet. This declaration ensures that Allah is completely central to a Muslims life in every way. The praying of a Muslim towards Mecca, Salah, is an indication of his worship to God and also the giving of thanks towards Him. The most important aspect of salah is that a Muslim dedicates this time five times a day only to the worship of Allah. He asks Allah for guidance along the path of good that He has willed for him. But if the Muslim has no niyyah, then his prayer is worthless and the deed is not counted by God. Zakat in Arabic means purification. This purity is taught to a Muslim by sharing his wealth and to eradicating poverty and inequality in his community. The Zakat purifies the giver of selfishness and greed. To Allah, all of humankind is equal in His eyes, and wealth should be distributed fairly, for everything in Creation belongs to Him. Sawm is the abstaining from eating and drinking from dawn to dusk in the month of Ramadan. This teaches a Muslim directly the suffering and plight of the poor and its purpose is one of understanding. Also it allows a Muslim closeness to God and to express their dependence on Him and His benevolence. The Hajj in a Muslims life is his pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. A Muslim should try and make the journey at least once in his lifetime if he can afford it. The hajj demonstrates the solidarity of the Muslim community and their total submission to Allah. The pilgrimage to Mecca is the most arduous and demanding deed of the Pillars, a pilgrim not only must travel from all parts of the world but also strive for self-improvement throughout the journey and understand why he is on the pilgrimage. The five Pillars of Islam essentially teach a Muslim humility, respect and worship for his Creator. Every deed performed throughout a Muslims life whether it is a holy act or not must always be performed with the mind-set that Allah is watching and judging everything. It is simply not enough for a Muslim to practice the five Pillars and not understand or accept their meaning and the doctrines of the Aqeeda ul-Islam. The deeds of the Arkanul Islam are charitable acts as well as acts of worship and faith declaration towards Allah, but they also provide an ethics system fundamental to a believers life. Without niyyah or pure intention, the deeds become worthless in the eyes of God. One must understand and feel the significance of his acts before they are counted to his benefit. References: www.liveleak.com/view?i=2ee_1193085474 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah www.thenoblequran.com/sps/sp.cfm?secID=AQDloadpage=displaysection.cfm www.qss.org/articles/Aahaad.html

Genetic Algorithm (GA) as Optimization Technique

Genetic Algorithm (GA) as Optimization Technique Preference learning (or preference elicitation) is a critical problem in many scientific fields, such as decision theory [1,2], economics [3,4], logistic [ref] and database [5]. When modeling user preference, researchers often model the preferences as a solution to an optimization problem which maximizes some utility function. In reality, however, we are not a-priori given a utility but have only access to a finite historical user choice data. Therefore, the passive preference learning problem, that is, how to learn user preferences using her historical choice data, has gained a lot of attention in recent years. When dealing with preference learning, it is often assumed that user preference over the values of each attribute is independent of the values of other attributes. However, this assumption is not a sound in many world scenarios. For example, as it is shown in Fig. 1 for cloth shopping problem, one might choose the color of her shoes depending on the color of dress she will buy, i.e. her preference over shoes color is conditioned by the available dresses. More formally, we say the preferences induced by the users behavior are intrinsically related to textit{conditional preferential independence}, a key notion in multi-attribute decision theory[20]. Conditional preference networks (CP-nets) have been proposed for such problems [4] and have received a great deal of attention due to the compact and natural representation of ordinal preferences in multi-attribute domains [8-12, 17-19,22]. Briefly, a CP-net, fig. 1, is a digraph, whose nodes correspond to alternative attributes and edges correspond to the dependency between nodes and each node is annotated with a conditional preference table which describe the preferences over that particular attribute (chapter 3). It is sometimes claimed that CP-nets are `easy to elicit [16]. That is, we first explain CP-nets to the user, and then ask her to write down the CP-net that best describes her decision-making process [18,30]. However, it has been shown that when facing the choices, people often act differently from what they described previously as their preferences [39,40,97,103]. As an example, Kamishima and Akaho [53] point out that when customers were asked to rank ten sushi items and then later to assign rating scores to the same items, in 68% of the cases, the ordering implied by the ratings did not agree with the ranking elicited directly only minutes before. Based on these experiments, several CP-net learning algorithms have been developed depend on the users choice data. Some algorithms work on the historical choice data [23,64], a process known as passive learning. Others actively offer solutions in an attempt to learn the users preferences as they choose [23,29,47,58].   The work of this paper falls into the category of passive learning, in which the learner uses the recorded users choices and then fits a CP-net model to the observed data. Formally, we collect the set of samples $S = {o_i succ o_i}$, where   $o_i succ o_i$ means that the user strictly prefers outcome $o_i$ over outcome $o_i$ and then find a model $N$ that can best describe $S$. Such set of samples may be gathered, for instance, by observing online users choices. Table1 shows the number of binary CP-nets up to 7 nodes, i.e. each outcome consists of 7 attributes [A250110]. From the values, it is evident that, even for a small number of attributes, finding the best CP-net is not a trivial task due to the huge size of the search space. textbf{inja np-completo begoo.} To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing approach that can perform well on problem with more than 7 attributes hence they are not practical when facing real world problems, in which the alternatives usually consist of tens or even hundreds of attributes. Another problem that rises when learning preferences from human subjects is the possibility of noise or comparison data that are ultimately inconsistent in the chose data-set $S$. While noise is results of the observation of the users behavior,   inconsistency is the result of randomicity of the users behaviors; that   is, the transitive closure of data-set may result in a cycle in which some outcome $o$ is seen to be preferred to itself. The objective of most CP-net learning techniques is to learn (i.e. rebuild) a CP-net that can describe the whole data-set[ref]. However, since the $S$ is not usually clean,   there is no possibility of finding such a CP-net, that is consistent with every example in $S$. This fact motivated us to frame the CP-net learning problem as an optimization problem that is, to identify a model that maximizes some objective function, $f$, with respect to choice data-set. In this work, we utilized the power of Genetic Algorithm (GA) as an optimization technique. GA is an optimization algorithm inspired from the mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics, which can work without any a-priori knowledge about the problem domain and have received a growing interest in solving the complex combinatorial optimization problems especially for their scalability as compared with the deterministic algorithms [1]. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of implementing the GA to solve the passive CP-net learning problem.

Artistic Form in King Lear Essays -- essays research papers fc

King Lear has remained one of Shakespeare’s best works, and one of the best tragedies of all time, since the beginning of the 17th century; however, some early critics believe that certain elements of the story do not satisfy the criteria for a proper tragedy. The two plot elements under speculation are the subplot and the catastrophic ending. The primary focus of the story is set on the elderly King Lear, whose pride and greed blinds him, causing him to banish his only pure daughter, Cordelia, along with his most loyal subject, Kent. He bestows his power and land upon his ungrateful daughters Regan and Goneril, who immediately plot to strip him of the remainder of his power as well as his pride. A similar subplot emerges where the Earl of Gloucester is duped by his Don John-esque bastard son, Edmund, into banishing his real son, Edgar. Both fathers realize their misjudgments before the end, but not before their downfalls. The play ends with the gradual insanity and death of Lear, as well as the deaths of Cordelia, Regan, Goneril, Gloucester, and Edmund. The happy ending or â€Å"poetic justice† is never achieved and the only exception to the seeming lack of justice is the pronouncement of the loyal Edgar as King, and the inferred bright future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earliest record of a criticism of King Lear is a letter from the Irish playwright Nahum Tate to a friend, written in 1681. In the letter, Tate describes King Lear as â€Å"a Heap of Jewels, unstrung and unpolisht.† He describes in detail how he plans to rework several major elements of the story, adding a love affair between Edgar and Cordelia, rescuing Lear and Cordelia from execution, omitting The Fool (a source of wisdom as well as comic relief), and establishing â€Å"poetic justice† at the plays end. Tate proposes these changes in order to â€Å"rectifie what was wanting in the Regularity and Probability† of King Lear. He also reasoned that the audience would like a happy ending where justice and virtue prevailed. His reworking of the tale complies with the strict Neoclassical formula that was expected at the time. Tate’s predictions proved correct when his altered version overshadowed the original for over a century. (Tate 344 -45) (SC2 92) During the 18th Century, the controversy over the ending of King Lear continues as well as new controversy over Tate’s rewritten ending. Critic Joseph Addison... ...s it unstoppable once it has been let loose. (Stampfer 3) The 20th century marked a period of speculation of the intent behind plot elements, specifically the ending. The style and structure of Shakespeare’s writing is no longer questioned as it is in earlier criticisms of King Lear. King Lear is one of the most debatable plays ever written because the situations that arise are the result of the complex relationships between characters and the judgments that these characters make. The structure, especially the unexpected ending, is ahead of it’s time, and the meaning behind the ending is arguable. King Lear’s unique character relationships and structure are the reasons that it is still a popular topic in literary criticism. Works Cited Gale Research Company Shakespearean Criticism Vol. 2 Kansas City, Missouri: Typographics Inc. 1985. Moss, Joyce; Wilson, George â€Å"Overview: King Lear, by William Shakespeare Literature and its times: Profiles of 300 notable Literary Events and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. 1997. Literature Resource Center. 9 March 2005. Price, Thomas â€Å"King Lear: A Study of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Method† PMLA, Vol.9 No.2 1894 Jstor 9 March 2005.

Bibliography of Geoffrey Chaucer ::

Bibliography of Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in the early 1340's, in approximately 1343. Little is known about Chaucer's early life. According to Microsoft Encarta, "there is relatively strong evidence to support the fact that he attended one of the three grammar-schools: either St. Paul's, St. Mary-le-Bow's, or St. Martin-le-Grand's. The next reliable bit of data places him, at around the age of fourteen, as a page in the household of the wife of Prince Lionel, the third son of Edward III. He apparently held this position for a long time" (Mirosoft) According to Grose, "Chaucer's first foray into the King's Business appears in October of 1360, when he couriered letters from the Calais to England during peace negotiations there. For this service he held the official title of clerk of the king attached to the person of Prince Lionel. In this way, Chaucer began to service to his king. In 1368, Chaucer was awarded a royal pension for life, indicating a long and valued service to his liege" (Grose 23). He served as sort of jack-of-all-trades. The only known facts about Chaucer's life between 1358 and 1367 are that he was imprisoned in France during the Hundred Years War and was ransomed in March 1360, for rather large sum. In this time Chaucer also married Philippa Roet, lady-in-waiting to the queen. She bore at least two children. Between 1368 and 1367, Chaucer undertook nearly a dozen diplomatic missions to Flanders, France and Italy. Many were important; indeed many were so secret that they were not mentioned in the histories of the time at all. In 1381, Chaucer was sent to deal with marriage negotiations Bibliography of Geoffrey Chaucer :: Bibliography of Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in the early 1340's, in approximately 1343. Little is known about Chaucer's early life. According to Microsoft Encarta, "there is relatively strong evidence to support the fact that he attended one of the three grammar-schools: either St. Paul's, St. Mary-le-Bow's, or St. Martin-le-Grand's. The next reliable bit of data places him, at around the age of fourteen, as a page in the household of the wife of Prince Lionel, the third son of Edward III. He apparently held this position for a long time" (Mirosoft) According to Grose, "Chaucer's first foray into the King's Business appears in October of 1360, when he couriered letters from the Calais to England during peace negotiations there. For this service he held the official title of clerk of the king attached to the person of Prince Lionel. In this way, Chaucer began to service to his king. In 1368, Chaucer was awarded a royal pension for life, indicating a long and valued service to his liege" (Grose 23). He served as sort of jack-of-all-trades. The only known facts about Chaucer's life between 1358 and 1367 are that he was imprisoned in France during the Hundred Years War and was ransomed in March 1360, for rather large sum. In this time Chaucer also married Philippa Roet, lady-in-waiting to the queen. She bore at least two children. Between 1368 and 1367, Chaucer undertook nearly a dozen diplomatic missions to Flanders, France and Italy. Many were important; indeed many were so secret that they were not mentioned in the histories of the time at all. In 1381, Chaucer was sent to deal with marriage negotiations

The Green Party Of Canada :: essays research papers fc

The Green Party of Canada   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada had nine registered political parties in the 1993 federal election. Each one of these parties was trying to place their candidates into Parliament as members. In this particular election there were the usual dominating parties that ran, the Liberals and Conservatives. Also vying for seats were seven minority parties which included the Green Party, the Christian Heritage Party, the National Party of Canada, the Abolitionist Party, the Commonwealth, The Canada Party, the Liberaltarian Party, the Marxist-Leninist Party, and the Natural Law Party. Each of these minority parties had then and still do have their own values, goals, and political expectations. Most minority parties try to guide themselves along on the basis of these beliefs, especially around election time when they work hardest to raise issues of policy alternatives trying to make a mark on the political scene in Canada despite their limited support and resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Green Party of Canada is one particular minority party that presented themselves to the political scene in Canada about 15 years ago, in the early 1980's (Darfler). The small group of individuals belonging to the Green Party is an interesting bunch. They're all ages and come from a wide variety of views and opinions. Even together as a party they vary in their individual values and beliefs compared to other political parties in Canada. The party faithful is unlike most other parties in many ways, the most noticeable difference is having tried to invert a system which is bottom-up, meaning that all the real power and responsibility are held at the level of the local chapters. This is unique to the Green Party because most political organizations operate on a top-down basis, with a middle group within the party hierarchy that is in charge of their own membership, income, policies and incentives (Darfler). They together as a united party hold their own political sights for the future. The Green Party members for the most part believe that it is time to take a more sensible approach to running the affairs of the people and to do that we must base our political and economic beliefs on fact. In Canada, the Green Party values such things as ecological wisdom, social justice, grass roots democracy, non- violence, decentralization, feminism, and future focus/sustainability (htp.//www.green.ca). If you agree that the government should focus its attention toward these values, then you yourself are probably Green. All of these values are joined by a common value system which is determined by a set of underlying theories about the nature of reality and the people placed in it. The Green Parties political thought will probably never become entirely known as

Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz

Sor Juana Inà ©s de la Cruz was an exceptional seventeenth-century nun who set precedents for feminism long before the term or concept existed. Her â€Å"Respuesta† is a maverick work outlining the logical sense of women’s education more than 200 years before Woolf’s â€Å"A Room of One’s Own.† Her poetry, meanwhile, states in bold language the potency of the feminine in both love and religion. Juana Inà ©s Ramirez was born out of wedlock to Isabel Ramirez and Manuel de Asbaje in a small village in Mexico, New Spain. Manuel soon abandoned the family, so mother and child spent a great deal of time with Juana’s grandfather, Pedro Ramirez. It was in Pedro’s book-filled house that Juana learned to read. (Girls of her time were rarely, if ever, formally educated.) The door to learning then burst open — the young prodigy would embark upon a life shaped and shaken by intellectual inquiry. She quickly gained renown in society and became a lady-in-waiting in the court of the Spanish viceroy. Yet she soon left the court for the nunnery; practically speaking, this was the best way for an illegitimately born woman to secure the time and resources for scholarship. But Sor Juana did not shut herself away in an ascetic cell. She started out as a novice in the Carmelite order, but the order's predilection for little sleep and self-flagellation repelled her after a few months. Eventually she found a sect that was more her speed as a lady of letters and a former courtier: the order of San Jerà ³nimo gave her an entire suite of her own, complete with bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, library, and servant. Her library — which held Mexico’s largest book collection — developed into a meeting-place for the intellectual elite. Those who frequented the salon included future viceroy Marquis de La Laguna and the Countess de Pareda, known to her intimates as Maria Luisa.

African American History. Heritage Essay

Heritage makes up a large portion of our History. Combine that heritage with race and you have a foundation for establishing different beginnings of races that can trace their early origins back to the beginning of the United States. A giant melting pot as it has been described due to all of the immigration that occurred in the early nineteenth century. African Americans have established an enormous role in the beginnings and the history of the America. Their continuous fight for equality and rights as American people have spanned many years. The actions against African Americans immediately following the conclusion of the civil war were not fair. This initial unfair treatment sparked numerous debates that all can be followed back to their initial start of fair treatment after many years of mistreatment. The Black Codes were established to restrict and control the lives of ex-slaves. (Bowles 2011) That is not a way to be granted freedom if your life is still controlled. Freedom isn’t freedom if you are still treated unfairly amongst other races. The thirteenth amendment established to abolish slavery in the United States. This was a major step to equality among African Americans. The industrial boom in the north sparked the interest of many looking for work. The promise of a job and being able to provide for your family drew the attention of millions of African Americans. These jobs caused a mass movement of African Americans from the south to the north. This move was the Great Migration. The entry into World War Two brought some unique opportunities for African Americans. Key components to the war were the Tuskegee Airmen. Moving on in their fight for equal rights and treatments, Rosa Parks made a stand and refused to give up her seat on a bus. Seeing the need for more action by the government, Martin Luther king assembled a massive million man march into the Nation’s capital. The struggle for African Americans has been a long and at times dangerous struggle. Former slave owners and many others in the south did not wish to abandon their way of life and what they saw as fair and equal treatment for African Americans. With the determination, the will to make a difference, and legislative actions. African Americans have changed the laws and made remarkable steps towards the fair and equal treatment they were always entitled to as any American should be. Their nonstop pursuit of change has had an everlasting effect on history. The hopes and dreams of freedom for African Americans were destroyed immediately following the end of the civil war, because of black codes and the intimidation with terror and violence from veteran confederates that formed the terrorist group called the Ku Klux Klan. As newly freed slaves, blacks found out very soon that freedom was not how they dreamed. â€Å"In 1865, southerners created black code that controlled all aspects of black’s lives and stopped new found African Americans from the freedom that they had won from the civil war. † (The Black Codes of the South 1966) Almost every part of free slaves life was regulated by black codes even the freedom to migrate. Blacks could not enter certain towns without permission so hopes of finding family that were sold during slavery proved to be a challenge. There was also vagrancy laws that stated all freedman were vagrant if they did not have a job or they were homeless. Black codes made segregation in public facilities, carrying any kind of weapons, and to testify in court against white men illegal. If a black person disobeyed these codes and imprisonment would occur most of the time. This was a backwards step towards equality and freedom. Black codes did offer a few certain rights to blacks. They were given the right to marry, and the right to own some land. Although being a free black slave during this time period was a monumental step towards a unified country, blacks would face bigger challenges throughout the next century. The Thirteenth Amendment was one of the most influential amendments to have ever been passed in our country. The Thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1) The intent of the Thirteenth amendment was to abolish slavery and begin the long process of just and equal rights for all American citizens. The passing of this amendment put an end to slavery and caused disruption to the former slave owners in the South. The Southern States that seceded from the union were forced to free their slaves and pass the amendment to be allowed back into the union. The south was then forced to find a new means of supporting themselves and working their cash crops. With this amendment passed, the African Americans were finally free and the vast majority of slaves the worked on plantations were gone because they were free. Although racism and segregation still played a major role in their lives, they were no longer forced to work as slaves. Slavery was not only a form of forced labor. Many slaves also faced humiliation, punishment, and harsh lives. They were some slaves that were treated as they were lower than they animals they were forced to care for. The origins of slavery and the continuation of slaves well into after the civil war were tarnish on America. The thirteen amendment abolished slavery, it did not offer much regulation onto gender equality. This was certainly true for former black female slaves. They were not afforded the same equal rights and opportunities as free former black male slaves. â€Å"Female slaves suffered unique hardships, being exploited for both labor and reproduction. † (Tsesis, A.2012). With the initial passing of the thirteenth amendment, the future road was being paved for equality amongst black both male and female. This amendment would go on to be ratified until eventually equality was achieved for both genders. The great migration covers the movement of millions of African Americans from the south to the north due to industrial expansion. Though this is not the first great migration, being there was a large migration of African Americans shortly after the civil war, this migration had a much larger effect. Populations of African Americans drastically changed because of it. Population diversity was established. During the 20th century, African- Americans participated in one of the most significant demographic events in U. S. history, â€Å"The Great Migration. † The Great Migration was a massive movement of African Americans from the South to the North spanning from 1863 to 1960. The largest movement in the migration occurred from 1910 to 1920. (Bowles 2011) The Great Migration was caused by different reasons that pushed African Americans out of the South, and other chances of opportunity were pulling them to the North. The spring on 1916, Six million African-Americans moved to the North and the West part of the United States of America. After the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than 8 percent of the African- Americans population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern part of the United States. The U. S. Senate had ordered an investigation into it. In 1900, about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states. They also moved to Canada in order to maintain safe haven from anti-abolitionists. When it was time for the blacks to move the only transportation for them were trains, boats, buses, but sometimes cars were used for their transportation. The promise of good employment, food, money, and a place to take care of your family drew the attention of many African Americans. The Great Migration created the first large urban black communities in the North. Along with massive amounts of blacks relocating to these cities also come problems. Many blacks were crammed into housing. At times, the occupancy of the housing that they lived in exceeded the limits they were designed for. Imagine an apartment that can accommodate five people comfortably being push over the limits by having twelve people reside in it instead. These were perfect conditions for disease, unsanitary conditions, and in some extreme cases, death. These dwellings became to be known as ghettos. All good things must come to an end and many blacks realized that due to the mass amount of laborers that migrated to the North, many of the jobs were taken. The south offered the work of the past, but this time they would be paid for it and not forced to do the work. â€Å"After the Great Migration, blacks continued to move in search of opportunity as some returned to the South, while others moved to suburbs or better neighborhoods within the North. †(Stewart E. Tolnay 2003) An important military milestone is African American history were the Tuskegee Airmen. These brave airmen were the first step towards race equality within the aviation sector of the military. Although African Americans had regularly fought in wars, they were not allowed to participate in actual aerial combat. The airmen were an import key in closing the race inequalities within the military. The Tuskegee airmen have become to be known as the most influential air squadron during world war two. Racism was still a major ongoing issue well into world war two. Many whites did not like the idea of African Americans being allowed to fly airplanes and fight in aerial combat. The Tuskegee Airmen did more than just that. They became the first black Army Air Corps pilots. Their beginnings started when President Roosevelt had arranged a meeting with three African American leaders of the Army and Navy. They argued that equality needed to be stable throughout the military, administration needed to be fair in regards to the ongoing draft, and African Americans should be allowed to fly. (Percy 2003) Shortly after the meeting had concluded, the War Department issued a policy directive stating that black men would be admitted into the military in numbers equal to civilian black population. In December of 1940, the Army Air Corps had submitted a plan that would establish experiments with a fighter squadron that consisted of all black pilots. Initially, thirteen black men were selected as pilot trainees for the program. The training occurred at Tuskegee Alabama, hence the name given, The Tuskegee Airmen. Majority of the instructors assigned to train the men were white. There were high hopes the failure would occur and this would prove to the War Department that African Americans were not suitable for flying. â€Å"The man probably most responsible for the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, the man whom the cadets looked to most often, was Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (Percy 2003) Captain Davis helped keep the fight alive in all of the cadets which allowed them to ignore the Jim Crow laws that were still in place and they were able to focus their attention on becoming pilots. After the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, they became a vital part of the war effort. The Tuskegee Airmen were assigned combat missions, participating in aerial combat, and helping to win the war. The Tuskegee Airmen program was a giant step towards equality within the military and an important historical milestone in our history. A famous name associated with the Civil Rights movements is Rosa Parks. She was the average everyday woman. She rode the bus to and from work every day like any other ordinary person. She had acquired a job as a seamstress at a local department store in Montgomery Alabama. On the night of December 1, 1955, Rosa took the bus home as normal. The public bus was split into two different sections. There was a white section and a black section. If the white section filled up, people in the black section were required to give up their seat for the whites and they would have to stand. This was an unjust law in Montgomery that many blacks disagreed with. This did not seem like the equality that they deserved. Couple this law with all of the segregated services in Alabama; one would think that the hatred for free African Americans ran high. â€Å"Rosa refused to give up her seat despite the threats given to her by the bus driver. † (Wiltenburg, M 2001) She was arrested and forced to pay a fine of $14, which she never did end up paying. Word of her arrest spread fast and immediately following the next day, flyers emerged all around Alabama black schools and businesses pleading that those who rode the bus should seek alternate means of travel. The bus company was owned by whites even though majority of the passengers were black. The actions were to show that the law was not fair to blacks and hopefully the bus company would see this through their loss of profit due to their unfair rule. The boycott lasted well over a year. Finally the United States Supreme Court ruled that it was unlawful and illegal to treat people differently on the bus because of their skin color. (Wiltenburg, M 2001) The actions taken by Rosa Parks to generate a Civil Rights Movement were brave for her to conduct during the racist times of Montgomery. Her actions set off the initial movement that would pave the way for many more to come and challenge the racist laws that restricted the lives of black people. The Million Man March was another major event of the Civil Rights Movement. What better way to peacefully protest the unfair treatment of African Americans than to assemble in the Nation’s Capital and fight for equality among all races. Some Civil Rights Leaders were opposed to the march. Mary Frances Berry, Chair of the U. S. Civil Rights Commission, thought the actions of the march were â€Å"bad due to the black community being in deep trouble already. † (Winter, 1995-1996) Despite her disapproval, the march went on. While the actual number of participants can’t be pin pointed to an exact number, it is estimated that it was between 1. 5 and 2 million participants. This large showing of force allowed for peaceful protest and representation for the black community. They sought to gain the attention of the Federal Government so they could overcome the harsh reality that racism was still an ongoing issue and blacks were still being treated unequally by whites. Majority of the attendees were black males. The march was also attended by origins of race that were not primarily black. They saw an opportunity to take part in the possible change of equality and rights as well. Many famous black speakers were in attendance at the march, from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, and many black religious leaders. Although the peaceful protest eventually ended, it still remains one of the most talked about and biggest contributions to the Civil Rights Movements. History has shown that African Americans have faced a lot of challenges. Through unfair treatment in the early beginnings of America, African Americans were used as slaves and the country saw this as a normal and legal way of life. The actions taken by President Lincoln helped shed light on the tarnished actions of the American people and he is credited with having helped free the slaves. The black codes were a way that hateful southerners could still control the lives of black people. The southerners were upset because their way of life and what they saw as normal was being changed. The passing of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. This was a step in the right direction and it sparked the creation of many amendments to follow in suite. The great migration offered new hopes and promises of work in the North. Millions of African Americans began showing up in cities eager to get a piece of the American workforce. They were met with many housing, health, and physical challenges. Some blacks realized that the work in the North was not for them and they returned to the South to continue farming of their own free will and not under the control of slavery. World War Two brought light to African Americans with the chance of becoming pilots. The Tuskegee Airmen showed courage in the face of racism and overcame the discriminations brought onto them through the military. They became a vital part of the war effort and actively participated in aerial combat and bombing raids. Rosa Parks set the stepping stones for the Civil Rights movement. Her actions that night on the bus spread quickly and blacks refused to ride the buses in Montgomery Alabama. The efforts lasted well over a year and Congress finally determined that the law was unlawful. The million man march is one of the biggest actions in the Civil Rights movement. Blacks showed in large numbers to promote equality and diminish racism on the federal level. Many key speakers participated in this march, even though leaders of the Civil Rights Committee did not agree with the march. These actions taken by African Americans represent a small portion of the triumphs that they have overcome since slavery ended. There are many events and sacrifices that have been made by African Americans through the years. Their nonstop pursuit to end racism, have equality, and bring change to America will have an everlasting change on history. References Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Jim Crow and Uncle Sam: The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U. S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II William Alexander Percy The Journal of Military History , Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul. , 2003), pp. 773-810 Published by: Society for Military History Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3397326 Tuskegee: A Retrospect and Prospect Booker T. Washington The North American Review , Vol. 182, No. 593 (Apr. , 1906), pp. 513-523 Published by: University of Northern Iowa Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/25105549 Wiltenburg, M. (2001, Feb 20). The story behind the rosa parks story. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/405670133? accountid=32521 The Black Codes of the South by Theodore B. Wilson Review by: Irwin Unger The Florida Historical Quarterly , Vol. 45, No. 2 (Oct. , 1966), pp. 183-185 Published by: Florida Historical Society Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30147751 Tsesis, A. (2012). GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. Columbia Law Review, 112(7), 1641-1695. Maloney, T. N. (2002). African American Migration to the North: New Evidence for the 1910s. Economic Inquiry, 40(1), 1-11. Annual Review of Sociology , Vol. 29, (2003), pp. 209-232 Published by: Annual Reviews Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30036966 Marable, M. (1995). After the march. New Statesman & Society, 8(376), 14. How Black Academics Viewed the Million Man March The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , No. 10 (Winter, 1995-1996), pp. 59-63 Published by: The JBHE Foundation, Inc Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2962767.

Music of the World Essay

1.What is popular music? Popular music is any music since industrialization in the mid-1800s that is in line with the tastes and preferences of the middle class. 2.What theme does pop music typically use in the lyrics? Describe one pop song that uses this theme. Why is this theme such a popular one? One theme of pop music typically used in the lyrics is dancing or movements. Almost all pop music has to do with love or dancing. Take the song â€Å"Sway With Me† by Michael Buble for an example. The theme is dancing. 3.What is disco? What are the characteristics of this music? Disco was one of the many musical genres developed in the 1970s. It mixes â€Å"soaring† vocals with a beat that encourages dancing, disco became the dance music of the decade. The music often had 100 to 130 beats per minute and a pulse of the rhythm was often emphasized. 4.What was the British invasion? Which famous group was a part of this movement? What impact did the group have on pop music? The British invasion was the connection of the British music culture and the American music culture. The Beatles was a famous group who was part of the movement. Their music had catchy lyrics and melodies which would be the centerpiece of pop music for the next several decades. 5.What is a boy band? What are some characteristics of a boy band? A boy band is a band that consists of between three and six young adult boys who used no instruments and just sang. Their image was one of the most important elements of the group, maybe even more then the music itself. All aspects of the music were carefully controlled from their dress to even the stereotypes that the group members fit into such as â€Å"bad boy† and the â€Å"baby†.

Opinion on the Us Correctional Facility

Tantania Dixon Corrections 320 Final Paper If we ever want our economy to recover and our citizens to prosper, we need to overhaul our correctional system immediately. The correctional system has three main goals: punish, protect the population and rehabilitate the offender. However, it is unclear how well the modern U. S. correctional system achieves these goals and whether the money invested in the correctional system might be better spent. Perhaps the most obvious goals of the correctional system are to punish those who are found guilty of crimes.In theory, this is supposed to serve as prevention against one repeating criminal activities and as an example to others of why criminal activities should be avoided. Incarceration is the most common example of punishment in the correctional system, but the death penalty and lesser penalties such as probation are also designed to be punitive. However, the correctional system acts as being too lenient on those who commit crimes. Theyâ€⠄¢re let into the prison/jail and are just free to live, something as far as harsh punishment needs to be put in action, or their mentality of jail being a â€Å"free ride† is going to remain the same.If there isn’t any other punishment being put into force, besides the fact that their sentenced to time in prison, the offender is basically getting over on the system. A basic day in the life of a prisoner is eat, sleep, working out, visits, community service, and communication with other inmates, and that’s not teaching them what they did was wrong at all. They need to be put in classes, as if someone gets a speeding charge they have to go to driving classes, not only because they committed a crime, Tantania Dixon ut to understand what crime they have committed and why NOT to do it again, and the value of what can happen if it’s done again. In addition to punishing a criminal, the correctional system is supposed to protect the rest of the society from crim inals. This includes the policing of streets as well as the imprisonment of criminals in jails. By keeping criminals in prison, they are not among the public and are not in a position in which they could harm the public at large with additional criminal acts. The protection of inmates also needs to be stricter than what it previously and still is.There are prisoners that get physically, mentally, and emotionally abused in prison, and even though it probably isn’t visible it happens, whether it’s man on man inmates vice-versa for women inmates, but not only inmates, sometimes a correctional officer can commit these crimes as well. That can make an inmate retaliate on themselves, because they can feel like their privacy of themselves and their surroundings has been taken away. If this is done so, the inmate doesn’t have anyone to speak with regarding that their treated like they don’t have feelings and concerns because they are inmates.However, at the end o f the day inmates are still human beings, and correctional officers need to take notice of that. The correctional system is also supposed to rehabilitate inmates. Rehabilitation, if done well, will make the criminal functional in normal society after release. This may include vocational training, counseling and drug rehabilitation treatment. Rehabilitation is intended to shift the criminal from being a cost to society to being a contributing member of society. Some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison.For Tantania Dixon instance, we could give them a chance to obtain job skills, which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. The programs must aim to change those who want to change. Those who are taught to produce useful goods and to be productive are likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality. This kind of program would provide skills and habits and replace the sense of hopelessness that many inmates have. Another technique used to rehabilitate criminals is counseling.There are two types of counseling in general, individual and group counseling. Individual counseling is much more costly than group counseling. The aim of group counseling is to develop positive peer pressure that will influence its members. â€Å"One idea in much sociology text is that group problem-solving has definite advantages over individual problem-solving. The idea is that a wider variety of solutions can be derived by drawing from the experience of several people with different backgrounds. Also one individual’s problem might have already been solved by another group member and can be suggested.Often if a peer proposes a solution it carries more weight than if the counselor were to suggest it. † (NYS Dept. of Correctional Services. 2000) Incarceration of criminals is expensive. It often costs more that $40 per day to keep a criminal in a prison. Similarly, the criminal prosecution process is expensive. In addition to paying the salaries of judges and district attorneys, the state must pay for criminal defense attorneys for criminals that do not have the financial means to hire an attorney on their own. This can easily cost thousands of dollars for a felony prosecution.Being that it’s so costly to keep an inmate in prison, the US Correctional System must ensure that the prisoners behind bars, aren’t Tantania Dixon innocent, and has actually committed the crime. The costs of just one inmate is very high, therefore the system needs to make sure that they are giving justice to the right criminals, and also if the crime is such as a minimum charge (i. e. drugs, vandalizing, stealing) they should have other justifications for that, so the state won’t have to be issuing extra money for people with no so harsh crimes. The chart below, basically gives you an ideal of the estimated prices for inmates.Cap ital punishment, also dubbed the â€Å"death penalty,† is the pre-meditated and planned taking of a human life by a government in response to a crime committed by that legally convicted person. â€Å"It violates the right to life†¦ It is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. There can never be any justification for torture or for cruel treatment. † (Death Tantania Dixon Penalty Information Center). There are some defendants who have earned the ultimate punishment our society has to offer by committing murder with aggravating circumstances present.I believe life is sacred. It cheapens the life of an innocent murder victim to say that society has no right to keep the murderer from ever killing again. In my view, society has not only the right, but the duty to act in self defense to protect the innocent. As of October 2009, capital punishment in the US is officially sanctioned by 34 states, as well as by the federal government. Each state with legaliz ed capital punishment has different laws regarding its methods, age limits and crimes which qualify.Although Capital Punishment is the way of getting people to understand killing or other crimes isn’t right, wouldn’t that be contradicting itself? If someone kills, then they should be killed for committing that crime? That law isn’t showing leadership whatsoever, that’s showing that killing is the way, and that it is right. However, The Death penalty does in some way help the prisons from overcrowding, although if a criminal gets sentenced to life without parole or to the death penalty, the sentencing needs to be 100% accurate.Due to the facts in some states there have been false accusations and that’s absolutely not acceptable to an innocent human being. Here is an example, how being a falsely accused criminal can ruin your life; â€Å"Brooklyn school custodian  Francis Evelyn once walked proud, worked hard and looked forward to a peaceful retir ement. Now he's too scared to go out his front door. Five months after his face was broadcast worldwide as an accused child rapist, Evelyn, 58, can't sleep. He can't stop the tears. He can't wipe away the nightmare of being arrested, jailed and wrongly accused.Berated by cops, taunted by Rikers Island inmates and branded in his native Trinidad, the dignified, law-abiding immigrant has filed a $10 million claim against the city (New York) for ruining his life by believing a troubled child with a history of lying. Evelyn was Tantania Dixon paraded before television cameras and spent two days at Rikers before prosecutors, in a nearly unprecedented move, rushed to a night judge to drop the charges. â€Å"I had two more years to retire,† he said. â€Å"After you work all that time, all that sacrifice, it comes to this?I want to get over this! † he said. â€Å"I don't want those charges just to be sealed. I want it to be washed away! I want an apology. Come on. Clear my nam e! † (New York Daily News Newspaper, September. 2007) Although Mr. Evelyn’s charge was dropped, he still has to face life of once being called a child molester, he shouldn’t have to live with that accusation to his name, it’s cruel and very un-justice. In conclusion, the US Correctional System has a lot of cleaning up to do, its name needs to be clean, and show America how to be a good leader.We as Americans don’t want our children to be able to look at cops as being crocked, and not being able to see them as being truthful. The correctional system does have good goals as for getting the criminals off the streets, protecting the community, being able to let people know that they are safe. The prisons in America take the criminals and give them justice, show them that they are wrong and shouldn’t be free to live their lives, because when they were given the chance to they screwed up and now have to pay the time, for committing the crime.

Are Goverments Efforts in Curbing GreenHpuse Emissions Enough Essay

Are Goverments Efforts in Curbing GreenHpuse Emissions Enough - Essay Example The paper tells that many governments worldwide are putting in efforts to curb the emission of greenhouse gases is evident and promising. The efforts are there to see. But there is another factor that is not just equally but more disturbing. Since 1970’s the emission of green house gases worldwide has roughly doubled and with the current efforts and policies, it is believed to go up by 70% by 2050. The two major contributors of greenhouse gases are USA and China. USA and China account for nearly 44% of the total carbon dioxide production on the planet. China is responsible for 23% of the total carbon dioxide production while USA accounts for 21%. According to the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report, there has been a 17% increase in the emissions of the greenhouse gases in the US during 1990-2007. Emission of greenhouse gases in China is increasing even more rapidly. From 1992 to 2002, there has been a 56% increase in the emission and since it has doubled. Going by the current pac e, the emissions are expected to double or triple by 2025. This is a clear indicator again, that the efforts of the 2 main contributors of greenhouse gas emissions are falling short by a long margin. The above holds good for the governments of other countries too. France and Britain have openly admitted that the goal to bring down emissions by 20% by 2020 is very low. Also the efficiency goal of improving by 20% by 2020 set by European Union has a big problem. According to the European Commission only half the 10% of improvement in efficiency will be achieved. (The Economist, 2011). Slovenia has adopted numerous plans to curb the emission of greenhouse gases but has failed to abide by its commitment to Kyoto obligations. Karl Erjavec, Slovenia’s Environment Minister, had said in 2009 government session that the requirements of the Kyoto obligations were not met. In 2009, Slovenia’s carbon dioxide emissions were 1m kilo tonnes more than the Kyoto limit (EVROPA, 2009). I t is now clear that irrespective of numerous initiatives and efforts, there has been a rapid increase in the greenhouse gases worldwide. This goes to prove that the efforts of the government in curbing the emission of greenhouses gases are not enough. There is an urgent need for Governments of all nations to take up this seriously and starting working towards reducing the greenhouse gas emissions before it is too late and the changes become irreversible. There are various reasons and challenges why governments have not been able to take strong actions and enforce stricter laws to prevent emission of green house gases. As said,

American History and Society Through Music Research Paper

American History and Society Through Music - Research Paper Example The District judge and the Court of Appeal seemed to think that the school was in its right. The Supreme Court did not agree and reversed the decision with Mr. Justice Fortas giving the opinion of the court and Justice White and Stewart concurring. The majority based their opinions on the idea that the students could not be expected to leave what rights they had at the doors of the school and were not in any manner causing a disturbance. Those in dissent argued that the constitution did not protect students from any disruptive form of symbolic speech and Justice Black stated â€Å"And I repeat that if the time has come when pupils of state-supported schools, kindergartens, grammar schools, or high schools, can defy and flout orders of school officials to keep their minds on their own schoolwork, it is the beginning of a new revolutionary era of permissiveness in this country fostered by the judiciary.† (Tinker v. Des MoinesIndependent Community School District). Though Tinker has been used in various cases after it, courts are now beginning to take a view aside from that which was presented in this case.

How Can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost Dissertation

How Can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost airline market - Dissertation Example The use of secondary research methodology in the research confers some distinct advantages for which it is extensively preferred. Firstly with the development of internet communication the secondary research activity has become easier in terms of gaining access to large amount of data within a much lesser time period. Secondly the use of secondary research activity also helps in reducing the level of research cost as the researcher does not have to depend on market or field research. Thirdly the use of secondary research serves as a background for conducting effective primary research activity. The researcher armed with potential information can test the practical aspect through conducting a survey based research. Fourthly the use of secondary research generates authentic information gained through the study of potential literatures written by eminent authors. Al these aspects reflect the effectiveness for depending on secondary research in conducting a research activity (McDaniel, & Gates, 1998, p.90). Apart from conducting the research based on secondary data sources primary or survey based research is also conducted. Primary or survey based research is conducted through the construction of questionnaires which would be used over a particular sample size of 200 respondents. The use of primary research activity helps in gaining focus over a particular focus group to retrieve answer to a specific research question. This methodology is considered to be pragmatic in that it helps in generating current and more feasible information pertaining to external marketing conditions. Moreover through the use of primary research the researcher can gain access to large number of views in regards to the research query. However the process of primary research entails an increase of research expenditure for employing people to conduct the research survey. Still primary research activity is considered more effective for it potentially endeavours to reflect on the marketing cond itions (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008, p.246). Further the use of statistical operations is encouraged in regards to the research conducted for it helps in depicting the figurative aspects of the information gained through the interviews made. Statistical operations made in the form generating charts and diagrams make the research more practical as one can gain a complete understanding of the views gained and thereby helps in making an effective analysis. Statistical based research enhances the effectiveness of the research activity for it generates large amount of quantitative data and thereby enhances the understand ability of the research (Nunan, 1992, p.8). 1.2. Population and Sample Size The main focus of the research activity understands RyanAir’s dominance in the markets of Europe. Thus focus must be rendered over European based customers pertaining to various demographic sets like income, age and occupation patterns. Selection of the European population been done focus is rendered to identify specific target groups based on the